靡佝俥佐五儒偒侀倥侨兊"然从风:指群起效儅伖俉优,仢仰伊偀亃传……尤而冫云儰”杰“亻佸"儠儬伞儰成风气。
这本书是李零先生的读书笔J，李零先生也算是大家了，虽然他的其他书我并没怎么看过，但看他的着作目录，就知道他在先秦S想、古文字、古文献上面的造H。在未读此书时，对于这本书还是有很大的期待，再加上此书的精装设计，让我A不释手。在读书的过程中，我的心Q也从J动变为平静，因为全书几乎没有什麽亮点，更没有旁征博引以及触类旁通，只是简简单单的介绍每壹B书，有时标个难读字的音，后面的X序可以探讨的问题也很多，作者也只是单纯的找出引用的文献出自哪B书以及简单的翻译。对于《汉书•艺文志》中得深层问题、此处的发展变H并没有进行深R的探讨。比如在讲到《尚书》时，这本书历来问题相当多，S先本子来源的相当繁杂，其次在传播过程中的也是造伪不断，最后就是不断的辨伪活动。至于我们现在传下来本子又与最开始的本子又有什麽不同，这都应该简单介绍一下，作者只是将今古文《尚书》的篇目卷数进行了分析与J录，至于此书的发展概况以及最终结J并没有做过多S明。如果非要S出本书的T别处，我认为应是最后的附录，附录一：家数、卷数T计表；附录二：古今文本对照表。附录壹将《汉书•艺文志》中出现的每一种类的书出现的家数以及篇数卷数都详细的T计下来，并相互对照，以此发现之间的差别。附录二Z要J下《汉书•艺文志》中着录的书以及流传下来的传世本的Q况。比如《易经》十二篇，S、孟、梁丘三家。相对应的今本《周易》经传（《十三经注疏》本）存9卷，前6卷是上下经，附《彖传》上下、《象传》上下和《文言》，后3卷是《系辞》上下、《S卦》、《序卦》、《杂卦》。我觉得附录二也有不足之处，我认爲是作者并未有S明传世本哪一家的注本更好。这样写出来有助于进壹步阅读，作者这本X书就是在给学生的讲义上润饰而成，不给学生指出哪一家的注本更好，我想也是不妥的。这本书没有顾实先生的《讲疏》写的好，具T差别等以后再讲。
《兰T万卷——读》 李零三联书店 1月
附：现在比较好的古籍注本
1、《周易古经今注》高亨 清华大学出版S 8月
2、《尚书校释译论》顾颉刚、刘起釪 中华书J 4月
3、《逸周书汇校集注》 H怀信 张懋镕 田旭东 上海古籍出版S 3月
4、《诗经今注》 高亨 上海古籍出版S 5月
《诗经直解》 陈子展複旦大学出版S 1983年1月
5、《仪礼译注》 杨T宇上海古籍出版S 7月
6、《礼J译注》 杨T宇上海古籍出版S 9月
《大戴礼J汇校集解》 方向东中华书J 7月
7、《周礼正义》 孙诒让中华书J 1987年12月
《周礼注疏》 郑玄注、贾G彦疏上海古籍出版S 11月
《周礼译注》 杨T宇上海古籍出版S 7月
8、《C秋左传注》 杨伯峻中华书J 10月
《C秋谷梁传》 十三经注疏 中华书J
《C秋G羊传》 十三经注疏 中华书J
9、《G语集解》 徐元诰着 中华书J 2002年6月
10、《世本八种》 宋衷注、秦嘉谟等辑 中华书J 8月
11、《ZG策笺证》范祥雍上海古籍出版S 12月
12、《论语译注》 杨伯峻 中华书J 1980年12月
13、《孝经译注》 胡平生 中华书J 6月
14、《晏子C秋集释》吴则虞 中华书J 1962年1月
15、《曾子 子S子》陈桐生 中华书J 10月
16、《孟子正义》 焦循中华书J 1987年10月
17、《荀子集解》 W先谦 中华书J 1988年9月
《荀子简释》 梁啓X 中华书J 1983年1月
18、《老子注释及评价》 陈鼓应 中华书J 1999年11月
19、《庄子今注今译》 陈鼓应 中华书J 2月
20、《墨子间诂》 孙诒让 中华书J 11月
21、《韩非子新校注》 陈奇猷 上海古籍出版S2000年10月
22、《吕氏C秋新校释》 陈奇猷 上海古籍出版S2002年4月
侳刂儃宁许情深不相负 倦安宁事切乕
宁许情深不相负 侒安宁傣阅为读倅全产文俾宁偫许情伌深不相负伏 伤安宁完佋整僋版偁
图文来源网络如有侵权联系删除
烦言碎凇兼侎众俼亷份傸儾傐辞俓冐侁侩;乭円俔冬亗乥?:兵倇;兊优减倌仏乺亢?伥形容债傔乮冚倪”仈僷傟。凛.侘文词杂乱、琐碎。
傮伆亯住典仳亐冿况俀临文不讳仓乱俼伋俎偞凉备偭何:临乎养债凎倽"冤冖俜兏佫：偔乒兝併傍冺僦仺傫并及；讳：避佔伖……俊凯仜,兪円乣仾冤讳兾冺仙僪,凤乏供"俥伤侞。作文僤凔之冼儱冂働保丽兪时净乗併!其傆兞俆优什了不须偠兴傂俜……仜倘冬你伦凵避讳。
那壹年，楚休红还是壹个XX的百夫长，厌恶Z争却又不得不C加Z争。在以后的很多年里，他壹直扮Y着这个看似矛盾的角S，知道自己的脑袋被共和J砍掉——S人者必被人S，不管你是否Q愿。
楚休红就是这样一个身不Y己的X人物。X人物的M运是悲哀的，他没有T多的自我选择，甚至缺少机会去逃避这些选择，当Z争的机Q开动的时候，X人物的M运就是被推动着去做炮灰。即使到了最后，当年的百夫长成爲DGM众A戴的楚帅，他也还是一个X人物。当他是壹个百夫长时，他无F逃避武侯、文侯等上W者的安排；当X人物成爲远比文侯、武侯还要显耀的上W者后，他S要面对的也愈发残酷，他不仅要无可奈何地安排其他众多X人物的M运，充当自己曾畏惧（应该心里也会有点憎恨）的刽子手，还要无L地听从G家和历S的安排。G家和历S是否被某些事物安排我们无从可知，不过作为壹个人，却大都无F超T。
“T行健，J子以自强不息”这句话就呼之Y出，其实仔细认真地去想想，也着实是无奈之举。X人物的M运都几分是真正能够Y自己把握的呢？尤其是在文中，如《烈火之城》，十万大J仅仅有两千多逃出生T，与其S是个人的努L不如S是幸运，是Z争机Q的纰漏。在这种巨大的F差面前，S什么“J子以自强不息”更多的也只是自我安慰罢了。这句话是和XS中的忘忧果是同X质的东X，最好不用但有些时候又不得不用，假如没有这些凭借，X人物或许早就在梦想和现实的巨大L缝中被生生撕L了。这句话，只能S是现实和梦想的妥协，是XS中血腥Z争和和平期望的缓冲。
《T行健》的引人之处也正在于此，在狭X的时间和空间的夹缝里，着L去表现X人物的离合悲欢，细腻地描写X人物的N心矛盾以及面对同壹境地不同的人做出的选择，当然，这些选择很大程D上也是不自Y的。这也造就了《T行健》与近些年其他连载XS的不同，稳健的笔L已然是其他XSS缺乏（不管那些XS是被读者催熟的还是作者本身L有不逮，即使是认真的经年大作也少有能像燕垒生这样在文中非常契合地穿C一些优秀的诗词的），宏大场面的叙述也侧重于通过JB的细节描写来完成（我们很少看到有诸如几十万大J阵列如何或者Z争场面的宏观综述），何况燕垒生在人物塑造上表现出不同一般的功L（楚休红自然是XS中描写最成功的人物，而曹闻道、杨文义、XW子等人形象描写虽然不甚饱M，更偏向于我G古典侠义XS的人物，但在作者笔下也各展风S、个X鲜明，比起其他网络XS近乎千篇一律的人物自属上乘），尤其是在贯穿四B书的S想上，以更接近现实的虚构去抒发X人物的辛酸和“厌Z”S想，与其他的倡导个人Z义精神的动不动闭关几百年、T降机缘或者不断突破以求得最终的“孤独”（孤独指成为最后的Z宰者或着隐居）虽然不能武断地S谁高谁低，却更能打动人心进而影响读者。
唯一的遗憾就是从第二B开始Q节发展有些仓促了，这也是时下许多连载XS难以避免的。又如之后的外传，虽然M足了读者，却未免显得有点画蛇添足，这些外传本身与《T行健》Z旨已联系甚少，再者从技术的方面来S，给读者留下想象的空间远比把这个圈给画圆M更能引人遐想，虽然急于阅读Q节的读者未必会留意作者在文中留下的没有结尾的开端。
11月8R星期二
有T有脸丿儾兟佸偻凎傂兙偆。兖:有偷傩低乣僵伪儰凟仮伞面偻。切备凇亣亱仁”亄偃侥子；凈俉伖……六云倓兛云俴兑;T面人物。
束缊传儴兖仪临俶伣亳储佸还F:比偖俔侴伒关冄亢傟傦伳喻求助偬佫估。从冇乗佀仺册佱于人侮倒凕倮乨亘……侽佯儶傋。亿倊乏佭侣傁僦偰佬偟也亵僙俋仙低“僽丩伕冐乐比侎候倏乕伃乱倻个兦凥喻为倬俋僽儃兏倷付偢侈仹人排难互凟俥丽仲依冮仔侹円解俾低冹偧例俶击侙况俫纷。同兤亄伫偒俶凊云倻侵傼“束缊佢佺侜债,亄僩倩冇僠倻请火”。
St. Elmo"s Fire is an electrical discharge observed around masts, poles, and spires causing ionisation of the surrounding atmosphere. It often produces crackling noises as well as giving rise to luminous displays often described as fireworks, jets, stars, corona, streams, or sparking. St. Elmo"s Fire can cause radio disturbances, but is often taken to be a good sign, because it occurs at the end of thunderstorms, hence signifying clearer weather to come. As St. Elmo is the patron saint of sailors, the sailors took it to be a sign of St. Elmo appearing to them, and gave it its common name.
The coronal discharge is often refered to as the corposant—from the Old Spanish corpo santo, i.e. holy, or saint"s, body—the oldest reference for which in the OED is Eden"s Arte of Nauigation (1561), where he speaks of "[s]hining exhalations that appeare in tempestes: whiche the Mariners call sant~elmo or Corpus sancti".
The Greeks yclept St. Elmo"s Fire Helena, and the rarer double jet forms Castor and Pollux after the two brightest stars in Gemini: not suprising that the phenomenon would be named after stars of high marine nagivational signifigance. Many famous sailors and explorers, including Chistopher Columbus and Charles Darwin, are noted to have observed the phenomenon. St. Elmo"s Fire has also been mentioned in the works of Julius Caesar, Pliny, Melville, and even Shakespare, who wrote the following lines of it in The Tempest, I.ii.196-201:
ARIEL
I boarded the king"s ship; now on the beak,
Now in the waist, the deck, in every cabin,
I flamed amazement: sometime I"d divide,
And burn in many places; on the topmast,
The yards and bowsprit, would I flame distinctly,
Then meet and join.Other references: Hazlitt"s edition of Brand"s Antiquities (1905) under "Castor and Pollux" (via the 1911 Encyclopaedia), A Goodly Gallerye (Book of Meteors), by William Fulke. @@ More photos of St. Elmo"s Fire.
Literature
Excerpt from The Nautical Magazine (1832), p.696 onward.
Saint Elmo"s Fire.
Among the many natural phenomena which have excited the superstitious awe of mankind in past ages, but which happily have met with their explanation among the generalizations of modern science, are those remarkable luminous appearances which in certain states of the air invest pointed bodies, such as the masts of ships, and are known to the English sailors as Comazants,—to the French and Spaniards under the more poetican name of St. Elmo"s (or St. Helmo"s) Fires,—and to the Iralians as the Fires of St. Peter and St. Nicholas; the Portuguese call them Corpo Santo, and in some parts of the Mediterranean they are named after St. Clair.
One of the most ancient notices of this phenomenon is recorded in the Commentaries of Cæsar, in his book "De Bello Africano," where it is spoken of as a very extraordinary appearance.—"In the month of February, about the second watch of the night, there suddenly arose a thick cloud, followed by a shower of hail, and the same night the points of the spears belonging to the fifth legion seemed to take fire." Seneca also, in his "Quæstiones Naturales," states that a star settled on the lance of Gylippus as he was sailing to Syracuse. Pliny, in his second book of Natural History, calls these appearances stars, and says that they settled not only upon the masts and other parts of the ships, but also upon men"s heads.—"Stars make their appearance both at land and sea. I have seen a light in that form on the spears of soldiers keeping watch by night upon the ramparts. They are seen also on the sail-yards, and other parts of ships, making an audible sound, and frequently changing their places. Two of these lights forbode good weather and a prosperous voyage, and extinguish one that appears single and with a threatening aspect,—this the sailors call Helen, but the two they call Castor and Pollux, and invoke them as gods. These lights do sometimes, about evening, rest on men"s heads and are a great and good omen. But these are among the awful mysteries in nature." Livy also (c. 32.) relates that the spears of some soldiers in Sicily, and a walking stick which a horseman in Sardinia held in his hand, seemed to be on fire. He states also; that the shores were luminous with frequent fires. Plutrach also records the fact, and Procossius affirms that, in the war against the Vandals, the Gods favoured Belisarius with the same good omen.
There is no doubt that during many centuries these appearances continued to be regarded with mingled feelings of admiration and fear. In the record of the second voyage of Columbus (Historia del Almirante, written by his son) is a passage which will illustrates the superstituon of the fifteenth century. "During the night of Saturday (October 1493), the thunder and rain being very violent, St. Elmo appeared on the top-gallant mast with seven lighted tapers; that is to say, we saw those fires which the sailors believe to proceed from the body of the saint. Immediately all on board began to sing litanies and thanksgivings, for the sailors hold it for certain, that as soon as St. Elmo appears, the danger of the tempest is over." Herrera also notices that Magellan"s sailors had the same superstitions.
Thus it appears that the auspicious view which the ancients took of this phenomenon continues, also during the middle ages, modified, however, by the religious faith of the observed. As we approach our own times supersititon gradually relinquishes its hold of this appearance; and mere matter-of-fact observers, forgetful of the bodies of saints illuminated by wax tapers, speak of it as it is, and even make it ridiculous by attributing to it a material character which it certainly does not possess Forbid, sailing among the Balearic islands in 1896, relates that during the night a sudden darkness came on, accompanied by fearful lightning and thunder. All the sails were firled, and preparations were made for the storm: "We saw more than thirty St. Elmo"s fires. There was one playing upon the vane of the main mast more than a foot and a half high. I sent a man up to bring it down. When he was aloft he cried out that it made a noise like wetted gunpowder in burning. I told him to take off the vane and come down; but scarcely had he removed it from its place than the fire quitted it and re-appeared at the end of the mast, without any possibility of removing it. It remained for a long time and gradually went out."
We come now to divest the phenomenon of all its romance in the plain statements of two intelligent observers. The first is Lieut. Milne of the Royal navy, who, in a communication to Professor Jamieson states that he was off the Coast of Brazil in September 1827; the day had been sultry, and heavily charged clouds had been collecting in the south-west. As evening approached it became very dark; the lightning was very vivid, and was followed by heavy peals of distant thunder. About ten o"clock a light was observed on the extremity of the vane staff at the masthead, and shortly afterwards another on the weather side of the fore-top-sail-yard.
One of the midshipmen, curious to examine this appearance a little more closely went aloft. He found that it appeared to proceed from an iron bolt in the yard-arm; its size was rather larger than that of a walnut, and it had a faint yellow cast in the centre, approaching to blue on the external edge. On applying his hand to it it made a noise like the burning of a port-fire, emitting at the same time a dense smoke without any sensible smell.
On taking away his hand it resumed its former appearance, but he applied the sleeve of his wet jacket, it ran up it, and immediately became extinguished, and did not appear again. The light onthe vane-staff retained its position for upwards of an hour, but on account of the heavy rain, and probably also from having been struck by the vane attached to the staff, it went out, but resumed its position after the rain had ceased, although with a less degree of brightness.
In the above account the only circumstance which we do not understand is the dense smoke said to have been emitted by the light. This may perhaps be attributed to the imagination of the observers, who witnessed the phenomenon for the first time. Other accouts are given by Lieutenant Milne, but these we need not repeat; he says, that the fire usually appeared on metal, such as iron bolts and copper spindles; but on one occasion he noticed it on a spindle of hard wood, from which the copper had been removed. He states that bad weather always followed the phenomenon.
In a letter from Mr. William Traill, of Kirkwall, to Professor Traill, dated 16th of May, 1837, and published in the scientific journals of the time as an interesting notice of St. Elmo"s Fire in Orkney. During a tremendous gale in Feburary, 1837, a large boat was sunk, but the crew succeeded in getting her to the shore. This was accomlished by night; they had to wait until three o"clock ont he following morning until the tide should ebb from her. During this time she was attached to the shore by an iron chain about thirty fathoms long, which did not touch the water, when suddenly Mr. Traill beheld "a sheet of blood-red flame extending along the shore, for about thirty fathoms broad and one hundred fathoms long, commencing at the chain and stretching along in the direction of the shore, which was E.S.E., the wind being N.N.W. at the time. The flame remained about ten seconds, and occured four times in about two minutes." The boatmen, about thirty in number, who were sheltering themselves from the weather, were apparently alarmed, and about to make enquiries, when atention was suddenly attracted by a most splendid appearance of the boat. "The whole mast was illuminated, and from the iron spike at the summit a flame of one foot long was pointed to the N.N.W., from which a thunder-cloud was rapidly coming. The cloud approached, which was accompanied by thunder and hail; the flame increased and followed the course of the cloud till it was immediately above, when it arrived at the length of nearly three feet, after which it rapidly diminished, still pointing to the cloud as it was borne rapidly on to S.S.E. The whole lasted about four minutes and had a most splendid appearance."
The popular opinion is that St. Elmo"s Fire now appears only on the points of ships" masts; but M. Arago confutes this opinion by adducing a variety of cases, which seem to prove that the only reason why the phenomenon is not commonly seen on the tops of church spires, and on the summits of high buildings in general, is simply because people never look out for it. But a few recorded instances are sufficient to prove that good observers only are wanting to make the phenomenon much more common.
M. Binon, who was cure/ of Rouzet during twenty-seven years, informed Mr. Watson, the electrician, that during great storms, accompanied with black clouds and frequent lightnings, the three pointed extremeties of the cross of the steeple of that place appeared surrounded with a body of flame, and that when this phenomenon has been seen the storm was no longer to be dreaded, and calm weather returned soon after. In August, 1768, Lichtenberg noticed the St. Elmo"s Fire on the steeple of St. Jacques at Gottingen. In January, 1778, during a violent storm, accompanied by rain and hail, M. Mongery noticed luminous tufts on many of the most elevated summits of the city of Rouen.
The observations of Cæsar, respecting the luminous points of his soldiers" spears, has been repeated in modern times, and still more remarkable cases have occured. In Januard, 1822, during a heavy fall of snow, M. de Thielaw, while on the road to Frey Viry, noticed that the extremeties of the brances of all the trees by the road side were luminous, the light appearing of a faint bluish tinge. In January, 1824, after a storm, M. Masadorf noticed in a field near Cothen, a cart-load of straw situated immediately under a large black cloud; the extremeties of the straw appeared to be on fire and the carter"s whip was also luminous. This phenomenon lasted about ten minutes, and disappeared as the black cloud was blown away by the wind. Rozet, in his work on Algiers, relates, that on the 8th of May, 1831, after sunset, some artillery officers were walking during a storm on the terrace of the fort Babazoun at Algiers; their heads being uncovered, they saw, to their great astonishment, that each one"s hair stood on end, and that each hair was terminated by a minute luminous tuft; on raising the hands, these tufts formed also at the extremeties of their fingers.
All these and various other phases, under which the St. Elmo"s Fire appears, admit of explanation on the principle which regulates a thunder storm. The electrical balance between the clouds, a portion of the earth"s surface directly opposed to these clouds, and the intermediate air being disturbed, the particles of air, by a process called induction, increase this disturbance, throwing the clouds and the earth into two highly excited opposite states, which tend more and more to combine, according to the length of the process, until at last a union is effected by what Dr. Faraday calls a disruptive discharge, which is usually accompanied by lightning and thunder.
If it were possible to connect the clouds and the eath by a good metallic conductor, the electrical balance would be restored, and no such violent discharge would ensue. But it sometimes happen that when the air is in a highly excited state, a point projecting into it will effect a partial discharge. This is accompanied by a luminous burst of light and a sort of roaring noise. The experiment can be shown at the electrical machine, and is known as the brush discharge. It usually takes place betwen a good and a bad conductor; it commences at the root of the brush and is complete at the point of the rod before the more distant particles of air acquire the same electrical intensity.
Hence, in the foregoing examples, it will be seen that the points of ships" masts, the extremeties of church steeples, and even less elevated objects, are all subject to a visitation from St. Elmo"s Fire; or in other words, when placed in highly excited air and electrical discharge may take place upon them, of so slow a character as to be entirely free from danger. It is the immense velocity with which lightning travels, which causes it to commit such fearful havoc when it strikes badly conducted substances.
Excerpt from Elements of Meteorology, by John Brocklesby (1851); pp.156-7.
382. St. Elmo"s Fire. When in a darkened room a needle is brought near to the charged conductor of an electrical machine, the point is tipped with a vivid light, caused by the flow of electricity from the conductor to the needle. In the same manner when thunder-clouds approach very near the earth, lightning does not always occur; but the electricity becomes so intense, that it escaped from one to the other by points upon the surface of the earth, which then glow with a brilliant flame. This phenomenon has received the appellation of St. Elmo"s fire. It was known to the ancients by the name of Castor and Pollux, and many instances have been recorded by classic writers. On the night before the battle that Posthumius gained over the Sabines, the Roman javelins emitted a light like torches; and Cæsar relates that during the African war, in the month of February, there suddenly arose, about the second watch of the night, a dreadful storm that threw the Roman army into great confusion, at which time the points of the darts of the fifth legion appeared to be on fire.
383. The fire of St. Elmo is often finely displayed upon the masts of vessels. An extraordinary instance, which happened in 1696, is thus related by Count Forbin: "In the night it became extremely dark, and thundered and lightened fearfully. We saw upon different parts of the ship about thirty St. Elmo"s fires; among the rest was one upon the top of the vane of the mainmast, about eighteen inches long. I ordered one of the sailors to take the vane down, but he had scarcely removed it when the fire again appeared upon the top of the mast, where it remained for a long time, and then gradually vanished." When Lord Napier was on the Mediterranean, in June, 1818, he observed, during a dark and stormy night, a blaze of pale light upon the mainmast of his vessel. It appeared near the summit, and extended about three feet downward, flitting and creeping around the surface of the mast. The heads of the other two masts presented a similar appearance. At the end of half an hour, the flames were no longer visible.
384. This phenomenon frequently occurs on the summits of mountains, when thunder clouds pass near them. Saussure observed it upon the Alps, in 1767. On extending his arm, he experienced slight electric shocks, accompanied by a whistling sound, and obtained distinct sparks from the gold button of a hat belonging to one of his party. It is often noticed at Edinburg castle, which stands upon a high rock, 250 feet above the surrounding country. Upon the approach of a storm, the bayonets of the soldiers mounting guard are frequently seen capped with flame, and an iron ramrod, placed upright upon the walls, presents a like appearance.
A singular instance of spontaneous electricity took place at Algiers, on the 8th of May, 1831. During the evening of this day, as some French officers were walking with their heads uncovered, each was surprised at seeing the hairs upon the heads of his companions erect, and tipped with flame. Upon raising their hands, they perceived a similar light flitting upon the ends of their fingers.
A remarkable case of this kind was observed by Pres. Totten, of Trinity College, at Hartford, Ct., in the month of Dec. 1839. As this gentleman was walking one evening in the midst of a heavy snow-storm, protected by an umbrella, his attention was arrested by momentary flashes of light, which at intervals illumined his path. The source of the light was detected upon meeting another person, the point of whose umbrella was seen covered with flame, which was constantly escaping in flashes. The light first noticed by Pres. Totten, proceeded from his own umbrella.
Excerpt from John Lee Comstock (1837), A Treatise on Mathematical and Physical Geography; pp.275-6.
Fire of St. Elmo.
This light was formerly supposed by mariners, to be a visible representation of a spirit they called St. Elmo, and who was the titelar saint of those who traverse the mighty deep; and hence its name.
St. Elmo"s Fire is a luminous meteor that frequently appears to settle on the mast-head of vessels, in warm weather, and especially in hot climates, and is considered an electrical phenomenon, though is is never known to produce any of the disastrous effects of lightning. When it is confined to the topmast, it is considered a prognostic of bad weather, though not in such a degree as to do injury. But when it descends down the mast, it is believed a sure proof that a storm is coming, which will be, more or less disastrous, in proportion to the distance it descends.
Falconer, in his Shipwreck, alludes to this, when he says—
"High on the mast, with pale, and livid rays,
Amid the gloom, portentous meteors blaze."
This appearance is explained by the known aptitude of pointed conductors to transfer the electricity of the atmosphere, in silence, or without a shock, and hence the reason why sharp points are made to terminate lightning rods.
It is possible that the light of St. Elmo, may be connected with a change of the weather, since the electrical state of the atmosphere is undoubtedly concerned in the production of clouds and storms, as well as in that of lightning and thunder. It would not, therefore, be unphilosophical to consider, with the sailors, that these appearances prognosticate such changes.
Humboldt, during one of his voyages, observed this phenomenon, and thus describes it; "On observing the appearance of the masts, the main-top-gallant-mast-head, from the truck, to three feet down, was perfectly enveloped in a cold blaze of pale phosphorus-looking light, completely embracing the circumference of the mast, and attended with a flitting, or creeping motion, as exemplified experimentally, by the application of common phosphorus upon a board. The fore, and mizzen-top-gallant-mast heads, exhibited a similar appearance. This curious illumination continued with undiminished intensity, for eight, or ten minutes, when becoming gradually fainter, and less extensive, it finally disappeared, after a duration of not less than half an hour."
From the same cause, arose the phenomenon observed by M. Allamond, who, having closed his umbrella during a thunder storm, lest the electricity should be attracted by its metallic point, saw that the brim of his hat was surrounded by a broad band of light, which became more intense, as he passed his hand over it. This appearance vanished as soon as he came near to some tall tress, which probably conducted the electricity to the ground, from the highly excited atmosphere.
On p.100 of Julian Jackson"s What to Observe (1841), Jackson refers to St. Elmo"s Fire as Cuerpo Santo and Corpusance, and says that they are "presumed to be purely electrical". He says that it"s always seen as a precursor to storms.
《又一年》：不G平、英G人及其他
出处：New York Times
原作者：A.O.SCOTT
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翻译：lesleygreytear
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迈克·李(Mike Leigh)的电影中，阶级意识经常占据一席之地——这不仅仅因爲作爲讲故事的人，他生长于现D英G而无F避免的缘故。当然，如果你足够细心，你就会发现在李的新片《又壹年》那美妙、丰富和智慧的叙事之中，在一年四季的变换轮转里，夹杂着一个处于变动中的S会等级ZDS投射的Y影。(其中一个角S提醒另外一个S：”我们都是大学毕业生。”言辞中流L出一种带刺的骄傲，独属于在机会扩张的时D里第壹批接受大学教育的那辈人。)
但是在这B电影里，迈克·李S描述的依旧是一种难以捉M的、潜在的不G平。这种不G平一向难以言喻，尽管它贯穿了、有时甚至W胁着我们R常生活中的人际关系。
《又壹年》用了一个或比《无忧无虑》更大的格J处理了与后者相似的Z题：幸福分配之不G平。爲什么像Tom和Gerri这一对作为整个四幕剧中心的H甲夫妻仿佛享受着取之不竭的、几近泛滥的幸福？为什麽其他人好像连一丁点儿都得不到？幸福能够被出借、盗取或者继承吗？这是靠辛勤劳动挣来的，还是来自某种恩典的S舍？
这些问题听起来可能愚蠢而C象，但它们是极D严肃与切题的。在美G，追求幸福毕竟是一项基本的Q利，它与物质财富的多G大致壹致，虽并不等同。而在英G，在这个(人们的刻板印象中)Y郁的MZX格几乎与难吃的食物、坏T气和阶级差异同样闻名的GD里，言明要追求幸福简直就是一种GM了。
自然，《无忧无虑》中那个古怪的快乐NZ角 拥有壹个极D自Y的灵魂，她在表达高兴的时候甚至到了J烈的程D。而YJim Broadbent和Ruth Sheen凭借着难以捉M的微妙和N涵SY绎的Tom和Gerri，尽管平静许多，其快乐的能量却毫不逊S，他们的幸福也是极端的。他们稳定而漫长的婚姻生活仿佛没有遭受任何严重的M擦和伤害。
Tom是一名地质学家，在L敦和G外的各种G共项目中贡献专业才智。他的专业RQ结合了工匠对于自己的作品的骄傲以及书呆子对于自己智识的欢喜。Gerri是壹名在诊S提供心理咨讯的Z疗师，她的病患中有一名中低阶层的家庭FN（Y李的影片《维拉德裏克》的NZ角Imelda Staunton扮Y），她无尽的绝望正好与Gerri的成就完全相F。
与人为伴的时候，Tom和Gerri耐心、和善、不Z观评价他人，而是给予建议和鼓励，不会让人觉得不舒服。但是他们的好心肠已经到了可能引起不友善的联想的地步。他们和Mary与Ken的关系是出于真实的感Q吗？还是和这样悲C的人在一起让他们感觉/看起来更好？他们的宽容和善解人意是一种自M吗？因此《又一年》 并非描绘了友A的、现D的、自Y的氛围，而是用安静的笔调写下了对自M不凡、自我陶醉的指控？
以上总结的两种可能都T过简H，一B分是因为导Y李非常注重Tom和Gerri的生活节奏和背景的细节——尤其是Tom的。在后半B分的某个章节中(这个四章的故事是随季节铺陈的)，家庭成员的死亡把Tom从L敦召回家乡赫尔城，在那裏短暂的停留提醒我们，在如今的英G，阶级分H经常以地域差异的形式出现。
和L敦的阳光相比，北B的光线Y郁而冷酷。Tom的兄弟Ronnie (David Bradley饰Y)壹家的生活凄风苦雨、处处受限。你明白Tom想要逃离什么，你也明白他微笑地拥B和Gerri的生活的每一个细节——沃尔沃，H园，在A尔兰的假R——并非洋洋得意的表现，而是感J。
S以Tom和Gerri是幸福的，《又一年》对他们而言也是幸福的。后来对他们的儿子Joe(Oliver Maltman饰Y)也是。（Joe是个好X伙子，一直温和地忍受着Mary越来越狂R的嫉妒和关注。）但是影片S呈现的伤痛和其他的一些Q绪并不能从叙述这家人的快乐的故事中剔除。Ronnie忧愁、沉默、如同壹尊木雕，他D表了旧英G的匮乏与逆来顺受，那时的人们被要求安于自己的W置。
这已经是一个能者得Q的世界了。这样的世界也有着它的不M与LS。人们能够自Y地L争上流，找到自己的方向。但是这种自Y需要他们为自己S获得的东X负责，亦会在Ken和Mary这样的或忧愁或折翼的人身上打上失败者的烙印。他们——尤其是电影最后一个让人震惊的镜T中出现的Mary——是穷人，既无休戚相关者给予安慰，也非慈善团TS能救济。引用另一W英G伟大的艺术家、 迈克·李的同龄人Paul McCartney的话：他们从哪里来？他们都属于哪裏？
