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编者按：4月15日，非洲公园（African Parks）特使、原联合国《濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约》（CITES）秘书长约翰·斯坎伦（John Scanlon）先生应邀参加了一次美国国会关于环境保护的线上听证会，会后与我们积极分享会上的心得体会和他的书面证词。他的证词中谈及预防全球传染病再次爆发的重要措施，其中对野味市场和非法野生动物贸易的监管必不可少。在新冠病毒的真正来源尚未清楚之时，我们应考虑多方因素，进行全面管控，加强全球合作，从源头上避免下一次传染病的大爆发。
美国国会听证会是在初步研拟立法政策时收集与分析各界意见资料的一种正式而主要的方法。从中国深度参与全球环境治理的角度来说，绿会国际部认为这个信息前沿，应引起国内各方的关注。为此，在征得作者本人授权后，绿会国际部现将斯坎伦博士的书面证词翻译分享。
翻译/洪珮嘉 审核/Linda 编/Angel
原标题：
Wildlife Trade, Origins of COVID-19, and Preventing Future Pandemics
谈谈野生动物贸易，新冠肺炎病毒来源，以及如何防止传染病再次爆发
作者：约翰·斯坎伦（John E. Scanlon AO）
非洲公园网络特使（Special Envoy at African Parks Network）
U.S. Congressional International Conservation Caucus
Virtual Caucus Hearing
美国国会国际自然保护小组
线上小组听证会
“Wildlife Trade, Origins of COVID-19, and Preventing Future Pandemics”
Written testimony (oral testimony here)
“谈谈野生动物贸易，新冠肺炎病毒来源，以及如何防止传染病再次爆发”
书面证词
John E. Scanlon AO
Special Envoy, African Parks
15th April
约翰·斯坎伦
非洲公园网络特使
4月15日
Executive Summary
重点摘要
● Health and wildlife experts alike have warned us for decades of the public health risks associated with people mixing with wild animals, including through habitat destruction, illegal or poorly regulated wildlife trade, and the sale of wildlife through ‘wet markets.’
● 过去的几十年里，健康专家和野生动物学家一直告诫人们警惕由接触野生动物引起的公共健康安全风险，接触行为包括毁坏野生动物栖息地、进行非法或缺乏监管的野生动物贸易、以及在“野味市场”贩卖野生动物。
● As we take immediate measures to respond to the COVID-19 pandemic, we must also look ahead and envisage a reformed international system of laws, programmes and financing that is best able to avoid the next wildlife-related pandemic.
● 我们既要及时采取措施应对新型冠状肺炎疫情，也要放远目光，改进我们的国际法律、方案和融资体系，使其足以避免有关野生动物的流行病再次发生。
● There is no universal definition of wildlife. In the US it means wild animals, elsewhere it is wild animals, both terrestrial and marine, as well as plants.[1] Wet markets can take many forms, from well-regulated seafood markets, to unregulated or poorly regulated markets selling a wide array of terrestrial and marine animals, wild, captive bred and domesticated.[2]
● 关于野生物种我们没有统一的定义。在美国，野生物种指野生动物，在其他地方则指代野生陆地和海洋动植物[1]。所谓的“生鲜市场”有多种形式，比如管理良好的海鲜市场，或是缺乏监管、贩卖各种海陆野味和家养活畜禽的野味市场[2]。
● In taking actions to prevent the next pandemic, we need to settle on agreed definitions of high-risk wet markets and wildlife trade to ensure we zero in on high-risk activities, best direct the use of scarce resources, and avoid any unintended consequences.
● 我们在采取行动防止下一场传染病爆发的同时，应先统一对高危生鲜市场和野生动物贸易的定义，确保高度关注高危活动，引导好稀缺资源的利用，避免意外结果。
● The current international system for regulating wildlife trade, combating illegal trade and wildlife crime more generally, is inadequate for regulating high-risk wildlife trade and markets and ending wildlife crime, and, left as it is, will not prevent the next pandemic.
● 当前的野生动物贸易与犯罪的国际监管与打击体系还不足以应对高危野生动物贸易市场、终止野生动物犯罪，也不足以防止下一场传染病的爆发。
● Profound changes are needed in how we regulate the taking, trade and consumption of wildlife, deal with wet markets, combat wildlife crime and protect natural habitats.
● 我们需推动深刻变革，改变对野生动物资源相关使用、贸易与消费的监管方式，改变对生鲜市场、打击野生动物犯罪和保护自然栖息地的处理方式。
● International wildlife trade laws (CITES) do not take account of the public health risks of wildlife trade and are generally directed towards avoiding overexploitation.
● 国际野生动植物贸易法（CITES）尚未考虑到野生动物贸易对公共健康的威胁，目前主要关注自然资源的过度使用。
● Major reforms are needed to put into place an open, transparent international legal framework to enable the banning of high-risk wildlife trade, wet markets and consumption, and the strict regulation of lower risk activities, based upon agreed public health criteria.
● 我们应促进重大变革，建立开放、透明的国际法制框架，在通用的公共健康标准上，禁止高风险的野生动物贸易、生鲜市场和野生动物消费，制定低风险活动的监管条例。
● These reforms can be achieved through amending the existing international wildlife trade laws (CITES) or by creating a new global agreement.
● 我们可以通过修订现有国际野生动物法律（CITES）或签订新的全球协议来推动这些变革。
● Wildlife crime is shifting thousands of tonnes of contraband, worth billions of dollars, and leaving death, destruction and instability in its wake, yet there is no global legal agreement on wildlife crime.
● 野生动物犯罪分子转运着成千上万吨的走私品，价值几十亿美元，在犯罪现场只留下死亡、毁灭与不稳定，但是目前仍然没有相关的全球法律协定。
● New bans on high-risk wet markets, wildlife trade and consumption, and stricter regulations on others, will require a scaled up, cooperative and coordinated enforcement effort, including to infiltrate any banned markets or trade that goes underground, which ICCWC (the International Consortium on Combating Wildlife Crime) should support.
● 禁止高风险生鲜市场、野生动物贸易与消费，实施更严格的管理办法，我们在行动方面需要更全面的协调合作，包括深入被禁后转入地下的市场和交易行为，国际打击野生动植物犯罪同盟（ICCWC）应支持此类行动。
● Bold reforms are needed to embed serious wildlife crimes into the international criminal law framework through a new agreement under the UN Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, as has been done for other serious organised crimes of global concern.
● 我们应该大胆变革，在《联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约》之下签订新协议，效仿打击其他国际关注度高的严重有组织犯罪的办法，将与野生动物相关的犯罪纳入国际刑法框架。
● Scaled up enforcement will need to be complemented by well-targeted demand reduction campaigns, and, where necessary, initiatives to provide alternative sources of protein and livelihoods to people severely affected by any bans.
● 全面的法制措施还需进一步完善，我们需要目标精确的减少需求行动，必要时还应推行倡议，帮助会受禁令严重影响的人群，为他们提供可替代的蛋白质或生活必需品来源。
● It is best to take measures to stop the illegal taking, trade and consumption of wildlife before it ever happens, by better protecting wildlife and its habitat at source. Loss of wildlife-based tourism revenue, and jobs, is seriously challenging wildlife protection efforts and could lead to an upswing in poaching and smuggling, including of high-risk species.
● 最佳方法是从源头着手，通过更好保护野生动物及其栖息地，在野生动物的资源利用、贸易和消费发生之前扼制它。野生动物保护工作中面临的巨大挑战是以野生动物为主的旅游业可能遭受损失，相关工作岗位也可能消失，这些都有可能进一步导致增加对野生动物，尤其是高危或濒危动物的捕猎与走私。
● Investments in nature conservation at source have proven to be effective in stopping habitat loss, wildlife poaching and smuggling, while delivering multiple other global, national and local environment, health, security and development benefits.
● 相关事实已证明，投资自然保护的源头对阻止栖息地消失、野生动物捕猎与走私十二分有效，同时还能使许多其他国际、国内和地方的环境、健康、安全与发展受益。
● Nature conservation is not sufficiently integrated into health, development or security initiatives, or their financing. As the benefits of effective nature conservation extend well beyond wildlife and environment, and include health, development and security benefits, so too must the sources of financing.
● 当前的环境保护措施还未有效融入有关健康、发展或安全的倡议或融资中。有效的自然保护不仅能给野生动物和环境带来好处，还能使人类健康、社会发展与国家安全受益，因此我们也应利用好融资来源带来更多益处。
● Global financing for nature conservation should be scaled up, deliver multiple benefits, and be based upon a long-term commitment to wildlife-rich places that are included in protected areas or are protected through other effective area-based conservation measures.
● 我们应扩大对自然保护的全球融资，惠及各方。同时我们应立下长期承诺，保护属于保护地范围内的野生动物多样性区域，或是实行其他基于地区的有效保护措施。
● Measures to reform the existing legal framework, and make further investments in nature conservation to protect wildlife at source, should be designed to deliver multiple benefits, namely to minimise public health risks, end poaching and smuggling, foster development and create jobs, enhance security, as well as protect ecosystems and their services.
● 我们应制定相关措施，改革现有的法律框架，增加对自然保护的投资，从源头上保护野生动物，惠及各方——降低公共安全威胁，终止野生动物捕猎和走私，促进发展和就业，增强国家安全，保护生态系统及其服务功能。
● Immediate, short-medium term and medium-longer terms actions can be taken to achieve these objectives.
● 我们可采取即时、短中期和中长期的行动来实现以上目标。
Actions needed
行动方案
Immediate:
即时行动
● high-risk wet markets to be banned and dismantled world-wide. High-risk wildlife trade and consumption to be banned. Bans to be enacted under national laws and to be effectively enforced.
● 关闭并清理全球范围内的高风险生鲜市场。禁止高风险的野生动物交易和消费。此类禁令应在国家法律下颁布，并有效实施。
● banned wet markets, wildlife trade and consumption that moves underground to be investigated and subject to serious criminal sanctions, with the global support of ICCWC (the International Consortium on Combating Wildlife Crime).
● 在ICCWC的帮助下调查因禁令而转入地下活动的野味市场、野生动物贸易和消费行为，实施严重的法律制裁。
● agree on definitions of high-risk wet markets and wildlife trade that poses a risk to public health to make best use of scarce resources and avoid any unintended consequences.
● 对于可能威胁公共健康的高风险野味市场和野生动物贸易，我们应统一定义，以合理利用稀缺资源，避免意外后果。
Short-medium term:
短中期行动
● scaled-up, more intensive, coordinated global effort to enforce new bans on high-risk wet markets, wildlife trade and consumption, and to combat other serious wildlife crimes, including to infiltrate banned wet markets and trade that has moved underground and prosecute perpetrators.
● 采取全面、集中、协调的全球行动，对高风险的野味市场、野生动物贸易和消费实施新禁令，打击其他野生动物严重犯罪，包括深入被禁后转入地下的野味市场和交易行为，起诉犯罪分子。
● provide further financial support to nature conservation efforts to overcome the shortfall in revenue coming from wildlife-based tourism to support rangers and local communities and avoid the risk of a wildlife poaching surge.
● 为保护自然的行动提供资金支持，弥补与野生动物相关的旅游业可能遭受的损失，支持巡游者、当地社区的工作，避免捕猎野生动物的活动再次兴起。
● address implications for people who are severely impacted by bans and facilitate alternative livelihoods and protein sources, with well-targeted demand reduction campaigns for high-risk wildlife.
● 帮助可能受禁令巨大影响的群体，帮助他们找到维持生计的新方法和蛋白质的新来源，对高危野生动物实施目标精确的减少需求行动。
Medium-longer term:
中长期行动
● globally agreed bans on high-risk wet markets, international trade in, and consumption of, any wildlife that poses a risk to public health, either through changes to existing international laws (CITES), or through a new agreement, with decisions taken through open and transparent processes. Markets that pose a low risk to be strictly regulated.
● 全球范围内统一禁止高危野味市场的运营，禁止可能威胁公共安全的野生动物国际贸易与消费。可通过修改现有国际法律（例如CITES），或通过公开透明的决策制定新协议，来实现该目标。同时严格管控低风险野味市场。
● new global agreement on wildlife crime under the UN Convention against Transnational Organised Crime to criminalise serious wildlife crimes, including those posing a public health risk, agree common definitions, and facilitate coordinated global enforcement efforts.
● 在《联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约》之下签订关于野生动物犯罪的新全球协议，给严重的野生动物犯罪定罪，包括威胁公共健康的行为，同时统一相关定义，促进全球法制合作行动。
● scaled up investments in nature conservation to protect wildlife at source and its habitat and to deliver multiple health, development and security benefits, as well as other global biodiversity and climate benefits, by drawing on new sources of financing.
● 通过利用新的融资来源，扩大对自然保护的投资，从源头上保护野生动物及其栖息地，惠及人类健康、社会发展和国家安全，以及其他全球生物多样性和气候议题。
Written testimony
书面证词
I would like to thank today’s Chairs for convening this Conservation Caucus and for inviting me to give testimony, as well as our good colleagues at the International Conservation Caucus Foundation (ICCF), for facilitating the virtual hearing.
感谢主席团在今天召开此次环境保护小组会议，感谢主席团邀请我来提供证词，感谢我们在国际环境保护小组基金会（International Conservation Caucus Foundation，ICCF）工作的同事为开展此次线上会议所做的准备工作。
The coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) has reminded us in a devastating way of the interconnected nature of things, most particularly between economies, the environment, human and wildlife health and welfare. Connecting these issues is key if we are to stave off the next pandemic.
新冠肺炎疫情以一种毁灭性的方式告诉我们，世间万物都是相互联系的，尤其是经济体、环境、人类、野生动物健康和福祉之间的紧密联系。我们若想避免下一次流行病大爆发，将这些议题联系起来是关键。
Wildlife trade, wet markets, and the consumption of wildlife is a global issue and a collective effort is needed
野生动物贸易、野味市场和消费野生动物是一项全球性议题，我们亟需通力合作来解决
A wet market in Wuhan, China may be the origin of the outbreak of the corona virus, which has led to calls to ban all wet markets and stop all wildlife trade. Wet markets not only exist in Asia, but in Africa and Latin America, and depending how they are defined, world-wide. Trade in wildlife, legal[3] and illegal[4], affects every country, either as a source, transit or destination State. Wildlife trade, wet markets, and the consumption of wildlife is a global issue and a collective effort is needed.
部分人认为武汉的一个野味生鲜市场有可能是此次新冠病毒的来源，因此他们呼吁下令关闭所有野味市场和禁止所有野生动物贸易。根据野味生鲜市场在全球范围内的不同定义，在亚洲以外的非洲和拉美也存在类似市场。无论是合法还是非法的野生动物贸易都会影响到各个国家，无论这些国家是源头、中转地或目的地。野生动物贸易、野味市场和消费野生动物一项全球性议题，我们亟需通力合作来解决。
The multiple benefits of effective nature conservation is not sufficiently integrated into health, development or security initiatives or financing
我们对有效自然保护带来多重益处的认识尚未充分纳入健康、发展或安全倡议或融资
The international legal system is not, however, designed to address the public health dimension of wildlife markets, trade and consumption. Further, recognition of the multiple benefits of effective nature conservation is not sufficiently integrated into health, development or security initiatives or financing.
不过当前的国际法律体系并没有考虑到野生动物市场、贸易和消费可能带来的公共健康问题。此外，我们对有效自然保护带来多重益处的认识尚未充分纳入健康、发展或安全倡议或融资。
The current system of wildlife trade regulation
当前野生动物贸易监管系统
There is no international agreement that enables wildlife markets, trade or consumption to be banned on public health grounds
目前没有国际协定基于公共卫生理由禁止野生动物市场、交易或消费
There is at present no international agreement that enables wildlife markets, trade or consumption to be banned on public health grounds. It is a national issue for each country to determine, although various guidelines and standards regarding wild (and domesticated) animal trade have been adopted by the World Animal Health Organisation (OIE), and the World Trade Organisation[5] has an Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures, to restrict the use of unjustified sanitary and phytosanitary measures for the purpose of trade protection[6].
目前，尚无国际协议以公共卫生为由禁止野生动物市场、贸易或消费。尽管野生动物（和驯养动物）贸易的各种准则和标准已被世界动物卫生组织（World Animal Health Organisation，OIE）采用，并且世界贸易组织[5]签署了《卫生协议（ Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures）》，但每个国家还是要制定国内办法，以贸易保护为由而限制不合理的卫生和植物检疫措施[6]。
International trade in wildlife is regulated through a convention known as CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora). Trade is regulated to avoid overexploitation, and species of wild animals and plants (wildlife) are brought under its trade-related controls based upon agreed biological and trade criteria. In some cases, commercial trade in wild-taken species is prohibited, in other cases it is regulated to ensure it is legal and sustainable, which is recorded through the reporting of any trade transactions to the CITES Secretariat.
当前野生动物的国际贸易受《濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约》（CITES）的规范。为了避免资源过度开发，该公约对贸易进行监管，并根据协定的生物学和贸易标准，将野生动植物各物种置于与贸易有关的控制措施下。在某些情况下，禁止野生物种的商业贸易，在其他情况下，则对其进行监管以确保其合法性和可持续性，并通过向CITES秘书处报告任何贸易交易进行记录。
CITES does not take public health issues into account either in listing a species or determining individual trade transactions, although the Secretariat did enter into a cooperative agreement with the OIE in to try and bring the two regimes together. As it stands, CITES could not be used to end wildlife trade or ban wet markets based on public health grounds, but individual countries can impose such bans for themselves, as CITES allows stricter domestic measures to be taken.
尽管秘书处确实在与世界动物卫生组织（OIE）达成了一项合作协议，试图结合这两种制度，但《濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约》在列出物种或决定个别交易时并未考虑公共卫生问题。就目前而言，《濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约》不能用于终止野生动物贸易或基于公共卫生理由禁止野味市场，但由于《濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约》允许各国采取更严格的措施，因此各国可以实施此类禁令。
Bans or closures of wet markets, and any possible further restrictions on wildlife trade and consumption, will need to be applied and enforced across all countries to stave off future pandemics
必须在所有国家禁止或关闭野味市场，实施对野生动物贸易和消费的进一步管制措施，防止未来流行病再次发生
Yet, to be effective, any bans or closures of wet markets, as we have recently seen in China and Vietnam, and any possible further restrictions on wildlife trade and consumption, will need to be applied and enforced across all countries to stave off future pandemics. Global cooperation, and the full and effective use of law enforcement and other measures, is essential to ensure high-risk markets and related wildlife trade and consumption don’t simply go underground, thereby possibly posing an even greater threat to public health.
然而，要想有效发挥作用，就必须在所有国家禁止或关闭野味市场（例如最近的中国和越南），实施对野生动物贸易和消费的进一步管制措施，防止未来流行病再次发生。全球合作，充分有效的法律手段和其他措施，对于确保高风险市场以及相关野生动物贸易和消费不会转入地下是至关重要的，因为地下活动可能对公共卫生构成更大威胁。
What is a wet market and what is wildlife?
什么是野味生鲜市场？什么是野生动物？
To move forward, we first need to define what we mean by the term ‘wet market’. It could range from well-regulated seafood markets, to unregulated or poorly regulated markets selling a wide array of terrestrial and marine animals, wild, captive bred and domesticated, which create ideal conditions for zoonotic diseases to fester and to migrate from animals to humans.
在下一步行动前，我们应先定义“野味生鲜市场”。它既可以指监管良好的海鲜市场，也可以指缺乏监管、贩卖各种海陆野味和家养活畜禽的野味市场，这类市场给动物性疾病从动物到人的传播提供绝佳条件，
Bans should be focused on the markets and the trade that poses a risk to public health, namely high-risk wet markets and trade
相关禁令应主要关注会威胁公共卫生的市场和交易，也就是高风险的野味市场和交易行为。
Bans should be focused on the markets and the trade that poses a risk to public health, namely high-risk wet markets and trade. Experts in the relevant fields will be best placed to determine what wild, and captively bred, animals pose a risk to human health, but, based upon available literature[7], it appears that commercial markets that sell wild taken and captive bred terrestrial animals including birds, whether of legal or illegal origin, are of primary concern. As they pose a high risk to human health, such markets and trade should be banned immediately as a precautionary measure.
相关禁令应主要关注会威胁公共卫生的市场和交易，也就是高风险的野味市场和交易行为。应由相关领域的专家确定哪类野生或捕获圈养的动物会对人类健康造成威胁，但根据根据现有文献[7]，似乎我们最应关注的是商业市场上出售的野生和人工饲养的陆生动物，包括来源合法或非法的鸟类。由于它们对人类健康构成高风险，因此作为预防措施，应立即禁止此类市场和交易。
We need to be targeted in our response to high-risk activities to avoid unintended consequences
在应对高风险活动时，我们必须有针对性，避免意外结果
Wildlife trade also needs to be defined. In the US, wildlife means wild animals, elsewhere it is wild animals, both terrestrial and marine, as well as plants.[8] Legal international trade under CITES includes transactions as diverse as, trade in orchids from Thailand, fine wool of the vicua from Peru, medicinal bark of the African Cherry tree from Cameroon, meat of the Queen conch from the Caribbean and alligator skins from the USA. This is wildlife trade that does not pose a risk to public health, along with many other such trades,[9] and they should not be banned on public health grounds. We need to be targeted in our response to high-risk activities to avoid unintended consequences, while also recognising that there could be negative consequences for people affected by well-targeted bans that will need to be addressed[10].
野生物种贸易也需要定义。在美国，野生物种指野生动物，在其他地方则指代野生陆地和海洋动植物。[8]《濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约》下的合法国际贸易包括多种交易，例如泰国的兰花贸易，秘鲁的骆马细毛贸易，喀麦隆的非洲樱桃树的药用树皮贸易，加勒比海的皇后海螺肉贸易，和美国的鳄鱼皮贸易。这些野生物种贸易，与许多其他此类贸易一样，不会对公共卫生构成威胁，[9]不应以公共卫生为由禁止它们。在应对高风险活动时，我们必须有针对性，避免意外结果，同时也要认识到，针对性禁令可能会给相关人群带来负面影响，我们需要加以解决此类问题[10]。
Changing the existing system to avoid the next pandemic
预防传染病再次爆发 制度改革势在必行
In responding to the current COVID-19 pandemic we must make the best use of all the global, regional and national tools we have at our disposal, including to help fully understand the origins of this pandemic, and to prevent the next one, noting that up to three quarters of all emerging infectious diseases in humans could be zoonotic.[11]
面对新型冠状病毒的肆虐，我们必须充分利用不同地区、国家乃至全世界的各种有效手段。我们已经注意到多达四分之三的人类新发传染病例可能是由动物传染引起的。因此，在预防和应对该流行病毒的工作当中，必须充分了解该病毒的起源和背景。
Ecosystems fail to function properly if they become degraded or fragmented, just as do global systems of conventions, funds and programmes. The system we have in place today is not enough. Incremental changes won’t cut it. Bold initiatives are needed to give us our best chance at avoiding future wildlife-related pandemics and in meeting multiple other global challenges.
生态系统的退化和分解，会使自身无法正常运转。这就像人类全球体系中涵盖的各类公约和基金项目一样，内部组成的瓦解会使整体的独特性丧失。我们当前的各种制度远远不能满足人类发展的需要。渐进式的制度改革只是杯水车薪，我们需要的是大刀阔斧的首创精神。这也是人类扼制动物流行病传播、正确应对各种全球变化的契机。
The international system for regulating wildlife trade, combating illegal trade and wildlife crime more generally, is inadequate
当前国际制度在监管野生动物贸易、打击违法交易和野生动物犯罪等方面缺乏广泛性、普适性
The international system for regulating wildlife trade, combating illegal trade and wildlife crime more generally, is inadequate for regulating the high-risk wildlife trade, markets and consumption that could lead to the next pandemic, as well as for ending wildlife crime.
当前国际制度在监管野生动物贸易、打击违法交易和野生动物犯罪等方面缺乏广泛性、普适性。缺乏对高危野生动物贸易和野生动物犯罪的监管力度会使得市场和消费两个环节存在滋生瘟疫的可能。
Profound changes are needed in how we regulate the taking, trade and consumption of wildlife, deal with wet markets, how we combat wildlife crime and how we protect wildlife at source and its habitat, if we are to avoid future wildlife-related pandemics.
预防野生动物病毒感染，需要进行一场深刻的变革。我们不仅要在野生动物的获取、贸易和消费等环节加强监管和管理野味生鲜市场，也要与野生动物犯罪做斗争并从源头保护野生动物及其栖息地。
Pangolins have CITES highest level of protection, yet they are the worlds most heavily trafficked mammal
尽管穿山甲享有《濒临绝种野生动植物国际贸易公约》最高级别的保护条例，与穿山甲相关的野生哺乳动物买卖市场仍然是“重灾区”
The current pandemic illustrates the point. COVID-19 is thought to have originated in horseshoe bats, with other wild animals, possibly pangolins, playing a role in transmission to humans. The horseshoe bat is not listed under CITES, and hence international trade is not regulated. Pangolins are listed under CITES and were up-listed to Appendix I in , often called CITES highest level of protection. Yet, from -, we saw a record 206 tonnes of pangolin scales[13] seized and confiscated, showing us that up-listing did not result in better protection of this magnificent animal, with illegal exploitation surging. The pangolin is today the world’s most heavily trafficked mammal.
当前新冠肺炎病毒的肆虐正好说明了这一点。新冠肺炎病毒被认为来自于菊头蝠或其他类似的哺乳动物，比如穿山甲。这些动物在病毒传播的多个环节起到了重要的作用。因为菊头蝠并没有被《濒临绝种野生动植物国际贸易公约》列为濒危物种，因此相关组织并不能限制其在野味市场的流通。如果一种动物被《濒临绝种野生动植物国际贸易公约》列入到附录I的清单内，就会被认为受到了最高级别的保护。穿山甲在就上升到了这一级别。然而事与愿违，从到这短短几年时间内，已经有206吨的穿山甲鳞片被查获没收。非法捕猎穿山甲的行为屡禁不止。这显然是在告诉我们，仅仅是升级附录保护标准并不能有效保护这些珍贵的物种。时至今日，穿山甲已经成为被非法买卖最频繁的哺乳动物了。
To have any hope of preventing the next wildlife-related pandemic profound changes are required to the existing legal regime
为预防野生动物病毒的流行，改革需要深入到立法层面
To have any hope of preventing the next wildlife-related pandemic, we need to make two profound changes to the existing legal regime. Firstly, to amend CITES to directly incorporate public health issues into its mandate or develop a new agreement. Secondly, to treat wildlife crime as a serious organised transnational crime and to embed it in the international criminal law framework by bringing it under the UN Convention against Transnational Organised Crime.
为预防野生动物相关的病毒流行，深化改革要在立法层面实现两个要点。一，修订《濒临绝种野生动植物国际贸易公约》，将保护公共安全的事宜纳入其宗旨或成立新的公约；二，将野生动物犯罪视为严重的有组织跨国犯罪，并纳入《联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约》，从而成为国际刑法框架的一部分。
Building public health into the international legal framework for wildlife trade
将公共卫生问题纳入与野生动物贸易相关的国际立法框架中
I had the privilege of leading the CITES Secretariat for eight years, from -. CITES is a remarkable trade-related instrument but it has limitations, including it:
-这八年期间，我有幸担任《濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约》秘书处的负责人。该公约极为出色地展现了在规范贸易方面的能力，但仍有一些缺陷。比如：
● only applies to those wildlife species listed in its appendices, being 36,000 of the world’s eight million species and to their cross-border movement. For example, it does not regulate trade in the horseshoe bat, which has been cited as a possible source of COVID-19.
● does not consider risks to public health in taking decisions on what species to include in its Appendices, or whether a trade transaction is to be permitted. Decisions are based upon agreed biological and trade criteria.
● is a trade-related convention that was not designed to deal with wildlife crime.
● does not require illegal trade to be criminalized.
● does not apply to poaching or domestic issues, such as wet markets.
1.全世界有八百多万个物种，而我们只能保护那三万六千个被列在附录清单中的物种。这就导致了像菊头蝠这样可能携带新型冠状病毒的生物在贸易市场中的流动不能被有效控制。
2.当初决定将哪些生物列入附录清单的时候，我们并没有将公共卫生问题和某些合规贸易情形考虑在内。当初所做的决定主要基于公认的生物标准和贸易标准。
3.该公约与贸易相关，而打击野生动物犯罪并不是我们的初衷。
4.并没有要求将非法贸易定为犯罪行为。
5.并未考虑野味市场上可能存在的盗猎和驯养动物的问题。
CITES does, however, have the advantage of:
该公约也有一些特点和优势：
● being an existing legally binding agreement with 182 States Parties and well-established governance.
● having an open and transparent process for taking decisions, by a two-third majority vote, if needed.
● incorporating a well-tested compliance mechanism to deal with cases of non-compliance.
● having an existing permitting system, with efforts underway to make it an electronic system.
● cooperative agreements in place with the World Animal Health Organization (OIE) [14] and the World Trade Organisation and others, including the Food and Agriculture Organisation.
1.是一份与182个缔约方和稳定政权订立的具有合法约束力的共同协议
2.决议过程公开透明，超过三分之二的投票数额具有会议决定权。
3.在处理不合规行为时，拥有一个有章可循的执行机制
4.具备准入门槛机制，并努力将其改造成一个数字系统。
5. 与世界动物卫生组织(OIE)和世界贸易组织（WTO）以及包括粮食和农业组织（FAO）在内的其他组织签订了合作协议。
CITES could be substantively amended to include agreed public health criteria for listing species, determining if a trade transaction should be permitted, and to prohibit commercial and non-commercial trade on public health grounds, as well as high-risk wet markets and other commercial uses should they pose a risk to public health, including medicinal use.
《公约》可以从根本上修改某些条例，将认定的公共卫生标准因素纳入《公约》的衡量体系。这样一来，在决定某项物种交易是否被允许、是否应该禁止某些商业或非商业交易包括那些高风险的野味市场交易和医用药用等商业问题时，公共卫生因素是我们必须要考虑的一点。
Alternatively, a new agreement could be developed, specifically addressing the public health aspects of wildlife trade, markets and consumption, although this could be a longer and less efficient process.
从另一个角度讲，我们也可以制订一项新的协定。具体来说，在面临野生动物贸易、市场交易和消费多个领域的挑战时，新协定将专一解决所涉及的公共卫生问题。当然了，这个过程可能会很长，而且见效慢。
A new global agreement on wildlife crime
有关野生动物犯罪的全球新协定
We have known for some time now that serious wildlife crime is organised and transnational, is fuelled by corruption, and has a devastating impact on wildlife, local communities, national economies, security, public health and entire ecosystems, but this is now increasingly obvious.
我们早就知道了那些影响恶劣的野生动物案件是由政府腐败所推动的有组织的、跨国界的犯罪活动。这些犯罪活动对野生动物、居民社区、公共卫生、国家经济和安全保障甚至整个生态系统造成了毁灭性的打击。尽管如此的恶劣，这一现象如今却越来越明显。
Illegal wildlife trade is valued at USD200 billion annually, with impacts on ecosystems valued at USD1-2 trillion
非法野生动物贸易的涉案金额每年可达2000亿美元，对生态系统的负面影响达1-2万亿美元
The figure of up to USD20 billion has been used for many years to estimate the value of CITES listed species in illegal trade. Yet, a recent report from the World Bank[15] puts this number at up to USD200 billion, when one includes all wildlife, including fish and timber not listed under CITES. The same World Bank report shows that governments are losing between USD7-12 billion a year in tax revenue.
It values the impact on ecosystems in the order of USD1-2 trillion a year, as the theft of wildlife diminishes ecosystems, including their ability to mitigate climate change[16].
This World Bank report came out before the current pandemic and its possible links to illegally traded pangolin, the economic and social costs of which are staggering, and possibly beyond fully calculating.
多年来，高达200亿美元的计量门槛是专门用来衡量在非法贸易中涉及的相关物种的价值损失。
然而，世界银行最近的一份报告指出，这个数字高达2000亿美元，其中不仅包括了《公约》罗列的所有野生动物，也包括了未列入的项目，比如鱼类和木材。
这一份来自世界银行的报告还表明，各国政府每年在税收上损失达70亿到120亿美元。
该报告还估计了非法野生动物贸易活动每年对生态系统负面影响的价值约为1-2万亿美元。因为盗猎野生动物的行为会削弱生态系统，尤其是削弱它们减缓气候变化的能力。
这份世界银行的报告早于新型冠状病毒的爆发时间。在穿山甲非法贸易和经济、社会成本的关系分析及预测报告，与当前发生的一切有着惊人的吻合度，而且现实情况很有可能比这更加糟糕。
Remarkably, there is no global legal agreement on wildlife crime
值得注意的是，目前还没有关于野生动物犯罪的全球法定协议
Yet, remarkably, there is no global legal agreement on wildlife crime and by default we have turned to CITES, a trade-related conservation convention from the 1970’s, to serve as the de facto legal instrument for combating serious wildlife crimes.
然而，值得注意的是，目前还没有关于野生动物犯罪的全球法定协议。在这种情况下，我们更加依赖《濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约》(CITES)能够提供一定的帮助。这是一项诞生于20世纪70年代的与贸易有关的保护公约，是从根本上打击野生动物犯罪的法律武器。
Banned high risk wet markets, trade and consumption may simply move underground, which will exacerbate rather than diminish the health risks
被禁止的高风险野味市场、贸易和消费行为，可能偷偷转入地下。这反而增加了危害公共健康的风险。
With new national, and possibly international, laws being enacted to ban high-risk wet markets and the trade in and consumption of certain wildlife on public health grounds, the need for an effective global enforcement response is greater than ever. If not, such markets and trade may simply move underground, which will exacerbate rather than diminish the health risks.
为禁止高风险的野味市场和相关贸易和消费活动，我们正在制定新的国家法律、国际法律。而考虑到这些非法行为可能会转入地下并进一步危害公共健康，我们更需要一个强有力的国际干预。
The time has come for a new global agreement on wildlife crime
为打击野生动物犯罪，制定一项新的全球协议刻不容缓
The time has come for a new global agreement on wildlife crime. One that is placed under the UN Convention against Transnational Organised Crime, as has been done for other serious crimes such as human trafficking. What is needed is an agreement that obliges countries to criminalise importing illegally sourced wildlife – as we already see in some country’s domestic laws, such as in the US under the Lacey Act, and several countries for timber imports, and to criminalise serious wildlife crimes, including those that carry a serious health risk.
为打击野生动物犯罪，制定一项新的全球协议刻不容缓。现有的公约比如联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约》，其相关内容就涉及打击人口买卖这样严重的犯罪行为。类似地，在保护野生动物方面，我们需要将非法进口野生动物等行为纳入各国的犯罪体系中。比如美国的《雷斯法案》，以及其他几个国家对木材进口和严重野生动物犯罪的刑事化处理。当然，在这一过程中，我们仍需将公共卫生问题考虑在内。
The ICCWC (International Consortium on Combating Wildlife Crime) is a collaborative effort of five inter-governmental organizations created in to strengthen criminal justice systems and provide coordinated support at national, regional and international level to combat wildlife and forest crime, which I chaired from - . In parallel to creating a new agreement, ICCWC should immediately be mobilized to scale up coordinated enforcement efforts to target high-risk species in illegal trade.
国际打击野生动物犯罪联盟(ICCWC)是成立的五个政府间组织的合作成果，旨在完善刑事司法系统，并在区域、国家和国际层面提供协调和帮助，从而打击野生动物犯罪和森林犯罪。我于至期间担任该组织的主席。
在制定新协议的同时，应立即动员ICCWC加大协调和执行的力度，重点保护涉及非法贸易的濒危物种。
Well-targeted demand reduction campaigns, and initiatives to provide alternative sources of protein and livelihoods are needed
在降低市场需求量的同时为消费者提供营养替代物。为此，我们需要明确目标并积极执行。
And to be as effective as possible, this scaled up enforcement effort will need to be complemented by well-targeted demand reduction campaigns, and, where necessary, initiatives to provide alternative sources of protein and livelihoods to people severely affected by such bans.
为了尽可能有效地加强执法力度，还需要开展目标明确的减需活动。在必要时采取主动措施，为受到这类禁令严重影响的人们提供营养替代物。
Stop the illegal trade before it happens – keep wildlife in the wild
将非法贸易扼杀在萌芽期——保护野生动物赖以生存的自然环境
It is best to take measures to stop the illegal taking, trade and consumption of wildlife before it ever happens, by better protecting wildlife at its source and its habitat.
最好在野生动物被非法获取、交易和消费之前就采取措施，从而更好地保护野生动物的原生环境。
When they have a stake in it, local communities will be the best protectors of wildlife at its source
一旦当地社区成为利益相关者，他们会在原生地为野生动物保护提供最大的帮助
When they have a stake in it, local communities will be the best protectors of wildlife at its source, before it ever enters illegal trade, which is evidenced by what we have seen through the work of African Parks across 11 countries from Angola to Zambia, as well in Gorongosa, Mozambique and the Norther Rangelands Trust in Kenya,[19] along with parks agencies across many countries.
一旦当地社区成为利益相关者，他们会在原生地为野生动物保护提供最大的帮助。
这些国家虽曾涉及非法贸易，但我们也看到了在这些国家内部，许多非洲国家公园在他们的带领下也取得了不小的成果。比如赞比亚、戈龙戈萨、莫桑比克的国家公园以及肯尼亚的北方牧场等。地方代理性质的公园在许多国家如雨后春笋般出现。
Loss of tourism revenue could lead to an increase in poaching, degradation of ecosystems, and instability, thereby increasing the threat posed by high-risk wildlife trade
旅游收益的损失可能导致偷猎行为的增加、生态系统的退化和不稳定，从而增加高风险野生动物贸易所造成的威胁
Wildlife-based tourism revenue is a critical part of the financing of nature conservation,[20] especially in developing countries. This loss of revenue, and related jobs, is seriously challenging wildlife protection efforts, and could lead to an increase in poaching,[21] degradation of ecosystems, and instability, thereby increasing the threat posed by high-risk wildlife trade.
在一些发展中国家，他们的旅游业主打野生动物招牌。这也是他们自然保护资金的重要来源。盈利损失继而导致失业现象的发生，正极大地挑战着当地野生动物保护工作的正常进行。进一步讲，还有可能导致偷猎行为猖獗、生态系统的退化和不稳定，从而增加高风险野生动物贸易的威胁。
We should focus our collective efforts around a large scale, long-term commitment to wildlife-rich places to deliver multiple benefits
为此，我们应该提高格局意识、制定长远目标并集中有生力量，在野生动物资源丰富的地方开展工作
We need a simple organising principle for nature conservation that enables us to achieve multiple objectives, measurable results and ensure accountability for performance. We can do this by focusing our collective efforts around a large scale, long-term commitment to wildlife-rich places that are included in protected areas or are protected through other effective area-based conservation measures. This is where national and international efforts targeting biodiversity, climate, health and sustainable development can converge and deliver multiple benefits.[22]
在开展自然保护相关的活动中，为完成多样化的任务、得到量化结果并确保行动可靠性，我们需要一个简洁明了的组织和行动原则。为此，我们应该提高格局意识、制定长远目标并集中有生力量，在野生动物资源丰富的地方开展工作。这样的地区包括被保护区或经其他有效手段被囊括在保护范围的地区。我们在这些地方开展工作，可以将目标对准生物多样性、气候变化和公共卫生问题。我们相信，多方努力会使得当地实现可持续发展，并带来诸多效益。
Well-managed protected areas deliver development, health and security benefits
管理良好的保护区可以带来发展、健康和安全效益
Well-managed protected areas provide security for people and wildlife and bring about stability and law and order. This establishes the pre-conditions, or enabling
environment, that can attract tourism, secure carbon, combat poaching, protect biodiversity, deliver on international commitments, create decent local jobs and provide good returns for investors, be they government, for-profit or philanthropic investors.
管理良好的保护区可以为人和动物带来安全，同时也能维护稳定、法治与秩序。这样就建立起一个基础，为吸引旅游业、增强碳汇、打击盗猎、保护生物多样性、履行国际承诺、创造当地就业机会并为投资者（无论是政府投资者、营利投资者还是慈善投资者）提供可观回报，营造了有利的环境。
I observed how this convergence and these synergies do deliver multiple benefits for people and wildlife when visiting the Garamba National Park in DRC on Garamba Ranger Day in [23], which, as it turns out, is where I also first met David Quammen, who is a fellow witness today.
在加兰巴游骑兵日[23]，我参观了刚果民主共和国加兰巴国家公园，亲眼看到这种融合和协同效应给人与野生动物带来的效益，后来我才想起，在那里我第一次见到了戴维·夸曼，他这是这种效益的见证者。
We need a wider global nature recovery effort that seeks to achieve multiple benefits through nature conservation
我们需要更广泛的努力来恢复全球自然环境，力求通过自然保护实现多重利益
It is positive to see that such an approach is the focus of Germany’s proposed Legacy Landscapes Fund and the UK’s Biodiversity Landscape Fund, reflecting a recognition of the need to do things differently and at scale, which could perhaps serve as a catalyst for a wider global nature recovery effort that seeks to achieve multiple benefits through nature conservation.
很高兴看到，德国拟议的景观遗产基金和英国生物多样性景观基金，都将其作为重点，这反映出人们已经意识到需要采取不同的措施和规模，这种趋势或许会成为一种催化剂，促进更广泛的努力来恢复全球自然环境，力求通过自然保护实现多重利益。
Ensure interventions to stop the next pandemic deliver multiple benefits
确保防止下一次大流行病的措施可以带来多方面的好处
If we implement measures to reform the existing legal framework for regulating legal wildlife trade, and for ending wildlife crime, and make scalable investments in nature conservation at source that deliver multiple benefits, then we will be well placed to avert the next wildlife-related pandemic.
如果我们采取措施，改善现有的法律框架，进一步规范合法的野生动物交易，终结野生动物犯罪，并在源头上对自然保护进行可持续性的投资，[24]确保这类投资可以带来多方面的好处，那么我们将完全有能力避免下一次与野生动物有关的流行病。
The benefits of effective nature conservation extend well beyond wildlife, so too must the sources of financing
有效的自然保护不只是惠及野生动物，资金来源也应带来更多效益
And as the benefits of effective nature conservation extend well beyond wildlife and environment, to include health, development and security benefits, so too must the sources of financing.
有效的自然保护不仅惠及野生动物和环境，也会促进健康、发展和安全等其他方面，所以资金来源也应带来更多效益。
As we take immediate measures to respond to the COVID-19 pandemic, we must also look ahead and envisage a reformed international system of laws, programmes and financing that is best able to avoid the next wildlife-related global emergency, and then work collectively to make it happen.
在我们采取切实措施抗击新冠肺炎的同时，我们必须展望未来，构建一个更完善的国际法律、规划和资金体系，以便避免下一次与野生动物有关的全球紧急状况，通过共同努力付诸实践。
Thank you for the invitation to address you.
感谢各位邀请我发表这次讲话。
[1] This is the definition I use for wildlife.
[1] 这是我对野生动物的定义。
[2] That create ideal conditions for zoonotic diseases to fester and to migrate from animals to humans.
[2] 这为人畜共患疾病的恶化和动物传人创造了理想的条件。
[3] See the CITES Trade Data Base.
[3] 参见《濒危物种贸易公约》贸易数据库。
[4] See UN World Wildlife Crime Report, UNODC, .
[4] 参见联合国世界野生动物犯罪报告，毒品和犯罪问题办公室。
[5] There has not been any WTO dispute directly challenging a CITES trade measure. See:
目前还没有任何世贸组织的争端直接与《濒危物种贸易公约》的贸易措施有冲突。见：
“CITES and the WTO: Enhancing Cooperation for Sustainable Development” CITES/WTO .
“《濒危物种贸易公约》和世贸组织：加强可持续发展合作”，《濒危物种贸易公约》和世贸组织 。
[6] The Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS) builds on previous GATT rules to restrict the use of unjustified sanitary and phytosanitary measures for the purpose of trade protection. The basic aim of the SPS Agreement is to maintain the sovereign right of any government to provide the level of health protection it deems appropriate, but to ensure that these sovereign rights are not misused for protectionist purposes and do not result in unnecessary barriers to international trade.
[6] 《卫生与植物检疫措施协定》基于关贸总协定的规定，限制以贸易保护目的，使用不合理的卫生与植物检疫措施。《卫生与植物检疫措施协定》的基本目的是维护所有政府的主权，以提供政府认为适当的健康保护标准，但要确保这些主权不会被保护主义滥用，且不会造成不必要的国际贸易壁垒。
[7] See for example ‘Spillover: Animal Infections and the Next Human Pandemic’ D. Quammen, 1 October .
[7] 例如，“连锁反应：动物感染和下一次人类大流行病”，D.Quammen，10月1日。
[8] This is the definition I use for wildlife.
[8] 这是我对野生动物的定义。
[9] See the CITES Trade Data Base.
[9] 参见《濒危物种贸易公约》贸易数据库。
[10] There can be benefits to people and wildlife from legal trade in wildlife (although given the growing scale of captive breeding and artificial propagation of wild animals and plants (over 50%), often occurring remote from communities living amongst wildlife, local benefits may be diminishing). Any benefits must be weighed against the massive economic, social and personal costs of a single pandemic. Where there are implications for any communities impacted by newly imposed bans, they should be supported through initiatives to promote alternative livelihoods and sources of protein. Traditional subsistence use should not be affected.
[10] 野生动物的合法贸易可以给人和野生动物带来好处（尽管野生动植物的圈养繁殖和人工繁殖的规模越来越大（超过了50%），养殖地一般远离野生动物群落，这可能会削减对当地的好处）。任何好处都必须与潜在流行病的巨大经济、社会和个人代价相权衡。如果新实施的禁令对任何群落造成了影响，应通过促进替代生计和蛋白质来源的举措来帮助这些群落。传统的生计用途不应受到影响。
[11] Coronaviruses: are they here to stay? UNEP, 3 April . See also World Health Organization web page on zoonoses.
[11] 联合国环境署，4月3日，“冠状病毒：它们会与人类共存吗？”。另见世界卫生组织关于人畜共患病的网页。
[12] ‘The Imperative of Ending Wildlife Crime’ IISD 24 March
[12] “终止野生动物犯罪的必要性”IISD 3月24日
[13] Wildlife Justice Commission Report, 10 February .
[13] 野生动物司法委员会报告，2月10日。
[14] In CITES, and the World Animal Health Organization (OIE), the organisation responsible for improving animal health world-wide, signed a Cooperative Agreement to ensure these two regimes worked closely together. I served as CITES Secretary-General at the time and the media release we jointly issued said:
[14] ，《濒危物种贸易公约》与负责改善全球动物健康的世界动物卫生组织（OIE）签署了一项合作协议，推动两个组织的紧密合作。我当时担任《濒危物种贸易公约》秘书长，在联合发布的新闻稿写道：
“Rabies, Ebola haemorrhagic fever, West Nile Fever, Avian influenza, Brucellosis, Foot and mouth disease: these are only a few examples of well-known, emerging, or re-emerging diseases that are originally found or circulated in wildlife and which potentially have huge human and animal health, or socio-economic consequences. Considering that over 60% of pathogens responsible for human diseases are of animal origin and that a majority of these pathogens are coming from wildlife, wildlife disease prevention, monitoring, and control are believed to be crucial factors for safeguarding biodiversity and public and animal health worldwide.” Full agreement available via the media release.
“狂犬病、埃博拉出血热、西尼罗热、禽流感、布鲁氏菌病、口蹄疫：这些病毒最初只是在野生动物中发现或传播，但可能对人类和动物健康，甚至社会经济产生巨大影响，除了这几个例子，还可以找到很多类似已知、新发或再发疾病。考虑到60%以上的人类疾病病原体是动物源性的，而且这些病原体大部分来自野生动物，野生动物疾病的预防、监测和控制被认为是保护世界范围内生物多样性和公共及动物健康的关键因素。”完整的协定已通过媒体发布。
[15] ‘Illegal Logging, Fishing and Wildlife Trade: The Costs and How to Combat It’ World Bank 29 October .
[15] 世界银行，10月29日，“非法伐木、捕鱼和野生动物贸易：代价和打击方法”。
[16] Recent scientific reports show that intact ecosystems are better at sequestering carbon than degraded ones.
[16] 最近的科学报告显示，完整的生态系统比退化的生态系统更善于吸收碳。
[17] ‘Do we need a wildlife crime convention?’ LinkedIn Blog, J. Scanlon, 19 February .
[17] “我们需要野生动物犯罪大会吗？LinkedIn博客，J.Scanlon，2月19日。
[18] In the absence of any alternative, for the eight years that I served CITES, we worked with Parties and many stakeholders, to use the Convention to crank up the fight against illegal wildlife trade. We stretched the mandate of the Convention, and in doing so we had some good success. The problem is that CITES was not designed for this purpose. It serves a very important purpose, but it was not intended to fight crime. We created ICCWC (International Consortium on Combating Wildlife Crime), saw the first ever UN General Assembly Resolution on illegal wildlife trade (IWT), the first UN World Wildlife Crime Report, and generated a lot of public, political and financial support, as well as much deeper engagement of the enforcement community in the fight against IWT. Yet, one serious underlying problem remains unresolved, and we are paying a heavy price for it. We did not fully embedded fighting serious wildlife crime into the international criminal law framework; yet these crimes can only be dealt with by police, prosecutors and the judiciary, not by conservationists or rangers acting alone. This failure reverberates throughout the system, right down to the local level, and takes on a higher level of concern with the potential for future wildlife-related pandemics. Only the police and other enforcement officials can take on transnational, organised criminals. They need an unequivocal political message, supported by the right legal framework, that organised, transnational wildlife crimes are serious crimes deserving their attention and deployment of their resources.
[18]在我为《濒危物种公约》服务的8年里，我们没有很多选择，只能与各缔约方和许多利益攸关方合作，利用《公约》加快打击非法野生动物贸易的步伐。我们延长了《公约》的任务期限，在这方面我们取得了一些成功。问题是《公约》并不是为这个目的而签订的。它有一个非常重要的目的，但绝不是打击犯罪。我们成立了国际打击野生动物犯罪联合会（ICCWC），见证了第一个联合国大会关于非法野生动物贸易的决议，第一份联合国世界野生动物犯罪报告，并获得了大量的舆论、政治和财政支持，同时执法部门更深入地参与打击非法野生动物犯罪的斗争。然而，一个严重的根本问题仍未解决，我们为此付出了沉重的代价。我们没有将打击严重野生动物犯罪完全纳入国际刑法框架；但这些犯罪只能由警察、检察官和司法部门处理，不能由自然资源保护主义者或护林员单独处理。这一失败影响到整个系统，一直蔓延到地方一级，并对未来可能发生的与野生动物有关的流行病有更高的威胁。当前，只有警察和其他执法人员才能打击跨国有组织犯罪。因此，他们需要一个明确的政治信号，在正确的法律框架的支持下，有组织的跨国野生动物犯罪是值得他们关注和部署资源的严重犯罪。
[19] ‘Saving wildlife requires a new approach’ Business of Conservation Conference Keynote address, J. Scanlon, 10 September .
[19] 9月10日，J.Scanlon，“拯救野生动物需要一种新方法”商业保护会议主题演讲。
[20] ‘To fly or not to fly? Can air travel ever be good for the environment?’ LinkedIn Blog, J. Scanlon, 27 November .
[20] “飞还是不飞？航空旅行对环境有好处吗？LinkedIn博客，J.Scanlon，11月27日。
[21] ‘Poaching threats loom as wildlife safaris put on hold due to COVID-19’, Dina Fine Maron, National Geographic, 10 April .
[21]“偷猎威胁迫在眉睫，野生动物保护因新冠肺炎而暂停”，Dina Fine Maron，国家地理杂志，4月10日。
[22] It is here that the implementation of global conventions on biodiversity, climate change, trade in endangered species, international wetlands and World heritage, can synergise on-the-ground, along with other related sustainable development goals and obligations under human rights conventions.
[22]在这方面，执行关于生物多样性、气候变化、濒危物种贸易、国际湿地和世界遗产的全球公约，以及其他相关的可持续发展目标和人权公约规定的义务，可以在实地产生协同作用。
[23] ‘A salute to the rangers of Garamba National Park, DRC’ LinkedIn Blog, J. Scanlon, 8 April .
[23]“向刚果民主共和国加兰巴国家公园的游骑兵致敬”，LinkedIn博客，J.Scanlon，4月8日。
[24] To minimise public health risks, end wildlife poaching and smuggling, foster development and create jobs, enhance local and regional security, as well as to protect ecosystems and their services.
[24]尽量减少公共卫生风险，终结野生动物偷猎和走私，促进发展和创造就业机会，加强地方和区域安全，保护生态系统及其作用。
Witness expertise
A career spanning Australia, Germany, Kenya, the Russian Federation, South Africa and Switzerland, working on environment and sustainable development governance, institutions, law and policy at the international, national, sub-national and local level and across multiple disciplines.
职业生涯横跨澳大利亚、德国、肯尼亚、俄罗斯联邦、南非和瑞士，在国际、国家、次国家和地方各级任职，从事跨学科环境和可持续发展治理、机构、法律和政策方面的工作。
Experience gained in senior positions with the private sector, in government, with international organisations and the United Nations, and most recently with a non-profit organization, including serving as: Special Envoy, African Parks (-continuing); Secretary-General, Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora Secretariat (CITES) (-); Chair, International Consortium on Combating Wildlife Crime (ICCWC) (-); Principal Adviser on Policy & Programme, United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) (-); Head, Environmental Law Programme, International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) (2001-), and Chief Executive, Department for Environment, Heritage and Aboriginal Affairs (South Australia), (1997-2000).
曾在私营部门、政府、国际组织和联合国任职，最近在一个非营利组织担任高级职务，担任的职位包括：非洲公园特使（至今）；，《濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约》秘书处秘书长（-）；国际打击野生动植物犯罪联合会主席（-）；联合国环境规划署政策和项目首席顾问（-）；环境法项目主管，国际自然保护联盟（2001-）和环境、遗产和土著事务部（南澳大利亚）首席执行官（1997-2000年）。
Qualifications: Bachelor of Laws (1983); Graduate Diploma in Legal Practice (1983), and Master of Laws (Environmental) (1995). Admitted to legal practice (1984). Attorney in private legal practice (1984-1994).
资质：资格：法律学士（1983年）；法律实践研究生文凭（1983年）和法律硕士（1995年）；获准从事法律业务（1984年）；私人法律执业律师（1984-1994）。
(译文仅供参考)
翻译/绿会国际部 审/Linda 编/Angel
分享是一种美德、关注是一种智慧
John Scanlon在美国国会听证会的发言：谈谈野生动物贸易 新冠肺炎病毒来源以及如何防止传染病再次爆发
