安装完SUSE Linux操作系统后，正常会将SUSE Linux的kernel升级至最新版本。
本次实验环境是SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 12 SP5：
cat /etc/*-release
SAPTEST:~ # cat /etc/*-releaseSUSE Linux Enterprise Server 12 (x86_64)VERSION = 12PATCHLEVEL = 5# This file is deprecated and will be removed in a future service pack or release.# Please check /etc/os-release for details about this release.NAME="SLES"VERSION="12-SP5"VERSION_ID="12.5"PRETTY_NAME="SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 12 SP5"ID="sles"ANSI_COLOR="0;32"CPE_NAME="cpe:/o:suse:sles_sap:12:sp5"
操作系统安装后，kernel的初始版本是4.12.14-120-default：
uname -a
SAPTEST:~ # uname -aLinux SAPTEST 4.12.14-120-default #1 SMP Thu Nov 7 16:39:09 UTC (fd9dc36) x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux
升级SUSE kernel有两种方式，方式一是通过配置zypper源并使用zypper命令来升级kernel至最新版本，方式二是手工下载最新版本的kernel文件并升级kernel版本。方式一可以自动升级软件包及相关联的软件包。
kernel升级方式一：通过zypper命令升级
zypper update kernel
SAPTEST:~ # zypper update kernelLoading repository data...Reading installed packages...'kernel' not found in package names. Trying capabilities.Resolving package dependencies...Nothing to do.
以上结果是因为未配置zypper源，故通过zyyper命令无法升级SUSE kernel版本。
kernel升级方式二：手工下载kernel文件并升级
手工下载kernel文件之前，需要先确认需要下载哪些kernel包以及当前kernel包的版本：
rpm -qa|grep kernel
SAPTEST:/sapcd/SUSE12SP5 # rpm -qa|grep kernelkernel-default-devel-4.12.14-120.1.x86_64kernel-macros-4.12.14-120.1.noarchkernel-default-4.12.14-120.1.x86_64kernel-devel-4.12.14-120.1.noarchkernel-source-4.12.14-120.1.noarchnfs-kernel-server-1.3.0-34.18.1.x86_64kernel-firmware-0618-5.11.1.noarch
通过网址登录SUSE Customer Center并下载kernel包：
将下载的kernel包放入同一个目录/sapcd/SUSE12SP5底下：
SAPTEST:/sapcd/SUSE12SP5 # ls -ltotal 218716-rwxrwxrwx 1 root root 56229932 Mar 21 16:29 kernel-default-4.12.14-122.113.1.x86_64.rpm-rwxrwxrwx 1 root root 9894850 Mar 21 16:29 kernel-default-devel-4.12.14-122.113.1.x86_64.rpm-rwxrwxrwx 1 root root 20808345 Mar 21 16:29 kernel-devel-4.12.14-122.113.1.noarch.rpm-rwxrwxrwx 1 root root 7289636 Mar 21 16:29 kernel-macros-4.12.14-122.113.1.noarch.rpm-rwxrwxrwx 1 root root 127765484 Mar 21 16:29 kernel-source-4.12.14-122.113.1.noarch.rpm
升级SUSE Linux kenel：
rpm -Uvh kernel*
SAPTEST:/sapcd/SUSE12SP5 # rpm -Uvh kernel*error: Failed dependencies:suse-kernel-rpm-scriptlets is needed by kernel-default-4.12.14-122.113.1.x86_64
升级kernel出现报错suse-kernel-rpm-scriptlets is needed by kernel-default-4.12.14-122.113.1.x86_64，这是因为kernel-default包的关联包suse-module-tools也需要同步升级，否则将升级失败。
先确认当前suse-module-tools包的版本：
rpm -qa|grep suse-module-tools
SAPTEST:/sapcd/SUSE12SP5 # rpm -qa|grep suse-module-toolssuse-module-tools-12.7-1.6.x86_64
下载suse-module-tools包并放入同一个目录/sapcd/SUSE12SP5底下：
SAPTEST:/sapcd/SUSE12SP5 # ls -ltotal 218760-rwxrwxrwx 1 root root 56229932 Mar 22 10:20 kernel-default-4.12.14-122.113.1.x86_64.rpm-rwxrwxrwx 1 root root 9894850 Mar 22 10:20 kernel-default-devel-4.12.14-122.113.1.x86_64.rpm-rwxrwxrwx 1 root root 20808345 Mar 22 10:20 kernel-devel-4.12.14-122.113.1.noarch.rpm-rwxrwxrwx 1 root root 7289636 Mar 22 10:20 kernel-macros-4.12.14-122.113.1.noarch.rpm-rwxrwxrwx 1 root root 127765484 Mar 22 10:20 kernel-source-4.12.14-122.113.1.noarch.rpm-rwxrwxrwx 1 root root44826 Mar 22 10:19 suse-module-tools-12.11-3.8.1.x86_64.rpm
同时升级kernel包和suse-module-tools包：
rpm -Uvh kernel* suse-module-tools*
SAPTEST:/sapcd/SUSE12SP5 # rpm -Uvh kernel* suse-module-tools*Preparing...################################# [100%]Updating / installing...1:suse-module-tools-12.11-3.8.1 ################################# [ 8%]2:kernel-macros-4.12.14-122.113.1 ################################# [ 17%]3:kernel-devel-4.12.14-122.113.1 ################################# [ 25%]Changing symlink /usr/src/linux from linux-4.12.14-120 to linux-4.12.14-122.1134:kernel-default-devel-4.12.14-122.################################# [ 33%]Changing symlink /usr/src/linux-obj/x86_64/default from ../../linux-4.12.14-120-obj/x86_64/default to ../../linux-4.12.14-122.113-obj/x86_64/default5:kernel-source-4.12.14-122.113.1 ################################# [ 42%]6:kernel-default-4.12.14-122.113.1 ################################# [ 50%]Creating initrd: /boot/initrd-4.12.14-122.113-defaultdracut: Executing: /usr/bin/dracut --logfile /var/log/YaST2/mkinitrd.log --force /boot/initrd-4.12.14-122.113-default 4.12.14-122.113-defaultdracut: *** Including module: bash ***dracut: *** Including module: systemd ***dracut: *** Including module: warpclock ***dracut: *** Including module: systemd-initrd ***dracut: *** Including module: i18n ***dracut: *** Including module: drm ***dracut: *** Including module: plymouth ***dracut: *** Including module: dm ***dracut: Skipping udev rule: 64-device-mapper.rulesdracut: Skipping udev rule: 60-persistent-storage-dm.rulesdracut: Skipping udev rule: 55-dm.rulesdracut: *** Including module: kernel-modules ***dracut: *** Including module: lvm ***dracut: Skipping udev rule: 64-device-mapper.rulesdracut: Skipping udev rule: 56-lvm.rulesdracut: Skipping udev rule: 60-persistent-storage-lvm.rulesdracut: *** Including module: resume ***dracut: *** Including module: rootfs-block ***dracut: *** Including module: suse-btrfs ***dracut: *** Including module: suse-xfs ***dracut: *** Including module: terminfo ***dracut: *** Including module: udev-rules ***dracut: Skipping udev rule: 40-redhat.rulesdracut: Skipping udev rule: 50-firmware.rulesdracut: Skipping udev rule: 50-udev.rulesdracut: Skipping udev rule: 91-permissions.rulesdracut: Skipping udev rule: 80-drivers-modprobe.rulesdracut: *** Including module: dracut-systemd ***dracut: *** Including module: haveged ***dracut: *** Including module: usrmount ***dracut: *** Including module: base ***dracut: *** Including module: fs-lib ***dracut: *** Including module: shutdown ***dracut: *** Including module: suse ***dracut: *** Including modules done ***dracut: *** Installing kernel module dependencies and firmware ***dracut: *** Installing kernel module dependencies and firmware done ***dracut: *** Resolving executable dependencies ***dracut: *** Resolving executable dependencies done***dracut: *** Hardlinking files ***dracut: *** Hardlinking files done ***dracut: *** Stripping files ***dracut: *** Stripping files done ***dracut: *** Generating early-microcode cpio image ***dracut: *** Constructing GenuineIntel.bin ****dracut: *** Store current command line parameters ***dracut: Stored kernel commandline:dracut: rd.lvm.lv=system/swaprd.lvm.lv=system/rootdracut: resume=/dev/mapper/system-swapdracut: root=/dev/mapper/system-root rootfstype=xfs rootflags=rw,relatime,attr2,inode64,noquotadracut: *** Creating image file '/boot/initrd-4.12.14-122.113-default' ***dracut: *** Creating initramfs image file '/boot/initrd-4.12.14-122.113-default' done ***Cleaning up / removing...7:kernel-source-4.12.14-120.1################################# [ 58%]8:kernel-default-devel-4.12.14-120.################################# [ 67%]9:kernel-devel-4.12.14-120.1 ################################# [ 75%]10:kernel-default-4.12.14-120.1################################# [ 83%]11:suse-module-tools-12.7-1.6 ################################# [ 92%]12:kernel-macros-4.12.14-120.1################################# [100%]
查看升级后的kernel版本和suse-module-tools版本：
rpm -qa|grep kernel
SAPTEST:~ # rpm -qa|grep kernelkernel-source-4.12.14-122.113.1.noarchkernel-macros-4.12.14-122.113.1.noarchkernel-default-devel-4.12.14-122.113.1.x86_64kernel-default-4.12.14-122.113.1.x86_64kernel-devel-4.12.14-122.113.1.noarchnfs-kernel-server-1.3.0-34.18.1.x86_64kernel-firmware-0618-5.11.1.noarch
rpm -qa|grep suse-module-tools
SAPTEST:~ # rpm -qa|grep suse-module-toolssuse-module-tools-12.11-3.8.1.x86_64
重启操作系统使最新版本的SUSE Linux kernel生效：
uname -a
reboot
SAPTEST:~ # uname -aLinux AMERT73T01 4.12.14-120-default #1 SMP Thu Nov 7 16:39:09 UTC (fd9dc36) x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/LinuxSAPTEST:~ # rebootSAPTEST:~ # uname -aLinux AMERT73T01 4.12.14-122.113-default #1 SMP Tue Mar 1 11:43:17 UTC (fe89a8c) x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux
