全国硕士研究生入学统一考试（英语一）

说明：红色字体来源于有道翻译，不得不承认google翻译太特么烂了。

By 1830 the former Spanish and Portuguese colonies had become independent nations. The roughly 20 million1.inhabitantsof these nations looked2.hopefullyto the future. Born in the crisis of the old regime and Iberian colonialism, many of the leaders of independence3.sharedthe ideals of representative government, careers4.opento talent, freedom of commerce and trade, the5.rightto private property, and a belief in the individual as the basis of society.6.Generally,there was a belief that the new nations should be sovereign and independent states, large enough to be economically viable and integrated by amonset of laws.

On the issue of 8.freedom of religion and the position of the church,9.however, there was less agreement10.amongthe leadship. Roman Catholicism had been the state religion and the only one11.allowedby the Spanish crown.12.Whilemost leaders sought to maintain Catholicism13.asthe official religion of the new states, some sought to end the14.exclusionof their faiths. The defense of the Church became a rallying15.cryfor the conservative forces.

The ideals of the early leaders of independence were often egalitarian, valuing equality of everything. Boliver had received aid from Haiti and had16.promisedin return to abolish slavery in the areas he liberated. By 1854 slavery had been abolished everywhere except Spain's17.remainingcolonies. Early promises to end Indian tribute and taxes on people of mixed origin came mush18.slowerbecause the new nations still needed the revenue such policies19.produced. Egalitarian sentiments were often tempered by fears that the mass of the population was20.unpreparedfor self-rule and democracy.

1. [A] natives [B] inhabitants [C] peoples [D] individuals

2. [A] confusedly [B] cheerfully[C] worriedly [D] hopefully

3. [A] shared [B] forgot [C] attained [D] rejected

4. [A] related [B] close [C] open [D] devoted

5. [A] access [B] succession [C] right [D] return

6. [A] Presumably [B] Incidentally [C] Obviously [D] Generally

7. [A] unique [B] common[C] particular [D] typical

8. [A] freedom [B] origin [C] impact[D] reform

9. [A] therefore [B] however[C] indeed[D] moreover

10. [A] with[B] about [C] among[D] by

11. [A] allowed [B] preached[C] granted[D] funded

12. [A] Since [B] If [C] Unless[D] While

13. [A] as[B] for [C] under[D] against

14. [A] spread [B] interference [C] exclusion [D] influence

15. [A] support [B] cry[C] plea [D] wish

16. [A] urged [B] intended[C] expected [D] promised

17. [A] controlling [B] former [C] remaining [D] original

18. [A] slower [B] faster [C] easier [D] tougher

19. [A] created [B] produced[C] contributed [D] preferred

20. [A] puzzled by [B] hostile to[C] pessimistic about [D] unprepared for

原文翻译：

直到1830年，西班牙和葡萄牙前殖民地已经变成独立国家。将近2000万的殖民地原居住居民对未来充满了希望。出生于伊利比亚殖民主义体制危机时代的很多独立领袖们共享代表政府的理想，收纳人才，自由贸易，人权，以及基于个人信仰的社会。通常，这里有个信仰，那就是新的国家应该在土地上独立自主，经济上足够强大和拥有一系列的共同法律。

然而在宗教信仰和教堂地位的问题上，在领袖们之间的意见却很少相同。天主教已经是州的信仰，而且也是唯一被西班牙皇室承认的信仰。当大多数领袖选择保留天主教作为新州官方的宗教，一些领袖选择终结他们的信仰。教堂的回击成为了保守派的战斗口号。

早期的自由领袖的理想是人人平等，重视一切的平等。玻利瓦尔已经收到来自海地的求助，并且承诺在他解放过的地区废除奴隶制度。1854年除了西班牙剩下的殖民地，所有地方都废除了奴隶制度。早期承诺结束印第安献礼和人民混乱赋税的进程很慢，原因是新的国家需要这些制度政策的收益。人人平等的感知常常被恐惧左右因为大众还没有做好准备民主自治。

If you were to examine the birth certificates of every soccer player in 's World Cup tournament, you would most likely find a noteworthy quirk: elite soccer players are more likely to have been born in the earlier months of the years than the latermonths. If you then examined the European national youth teams that feed the World Cup and professional ranks, you would find this strange phenomenon to be even more pronounced.

What might account for this strange phenomenon? Here are a few guesses: a)certain astrological signs confer superior soccer skills; b) winter-born babies tend to have higher oxygen capacity, which increases soccer stamina; c) soccer-mad parents are more likely to conceive children in springtime, at the annual peak of soccer mania; d)none of the above.

Anders Ericsson, a 58-year-old psycology professor at Florida State University, says he believes strongly in "none of the above." Ericsson grew up in Sweden, and studied nuclear engineering until he realized he would have more opportunity to conduct his own research if he switched to psycology. His first experiment, nearly 30 years ago, involved memory: training a person to hear and then repeat a random series of numbers. "With the first subject, after about 20 hours of training, his digit span had risen from 7 to 20, " Ericsson recalls. "He kept improving, and after about 200 hours of training he had risen to over 80 numbers."

This success, coupled with later research showing that memory itself is not genetically determind, led Ericsson to conclude that act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one. In other words, whatever inborn differences two people may exhibit in their abilities to memorize, those differences are swamped by how well each person "encodes" the information. And the best way to learn how to deliberate practice. Deliberate pratice entails more than simply repeating a task. Rather, it involves setting specific goals, obtaining immediate feedback and concentrating as much on techniqueas on outcome.

Ericsson and his colleague have thus taken to studying expert performers in a wide range of persuits, including soccer. They gather all the data they can, not just performance statistics and biographical details but also the results of their own laboratory experiments with high achievers. Their work makes a rather startling assertion: the trait we commonly call talent is highly overrated. Or, put another way, expert performers----whether in memory or surgery, ballet or computer programming----are nearly always made, not born.

21. The birthday phenomenon found among soccer players in mentioned to ?

[A] stress the importance of professional training.

[B] spotlight the soccer superstarts in the World Cup.

[C] introduce the topic of what makes expert performance

[D] explain why some soccer teams play better than others

22. The word "mania"(Line 4, Para. 2) most probably means ?

[A] fun

[B] craze

[C] hysteria

[D] excitement

23. According to Ericsson, good memory ?

[A] depends on meaningful processing of information.

[B] results from intuitive rather than cognitive exercise.

[C] is determined by genetic rather than psychological factors.

[D] requires immediate feedback and a high degree of concentration.

24. Ericsson and his colleagues believes that ?

[A] talent is a dominating factor for professional success.

[B] biographical data provide the key to excellent performance.

[C] the role of talent tends to be overlooked.

[D] high achievers owe their success mostly to nuiture.

25. Which of the following proverbs is closest to the message the text tries to convey?

[A] "Faith will move mountains."

[B] "One reaps what one sows."

[C] “Practice makes perfect.”

[D] "Like father, like son."

原文翻译：

如果你去检查世界杯锦标赛中每一位足球员的出生资料，你将会发现这么一个值得注意的现象：精英足球运动员的出生月份更多的是在一年中前几个月，而不是后几个月。如果你去检查欧洲国家青年队中为世界杯准备比赛和专业排名名单上的成员，你会发现这一奇怪的现象是更具有说服力的。

是什么引起这么一个奇怪的现象呢？这里有几个猜测：a)占星术指示可以让足球员有更强的技能。b）冬季出生的孩子拥有更高的心肺呼氧能力，增加了足球员的耐力。c) 痴迷足球的父母们更喜欢在春季进行怀孕，因为春季是一年一度足球比赛的顶峰时期。d) 上面提到的都没有。

安德斯-伊里克森，一个来自佛罗里达州年龄58岁的心理学教授，说他更愿意相信”上面提到的都没有“。安德斯-伊里克森出生在瑞典，他一开始学习核工程，直到他意识到如果他转专业到心理学，他才会有更多的机会进行他的实验。他将近30年前的第一个实验，涉及到记忆力：训练一个人去听和重复一组随机的数字。“通过第一个主题，经过20个小时的训练后，他能记起的数字从7个升上到20个”，伊里克森补充说，“他继续保持提升，经过大约200个小时的训练后，他能重复的数字上升到超过80个”。

这个成功的实验，再加上后来的研究，表明了记忆本身不是由基因决定的，让伊里克森总结得出记性的行为更像是一种认知运动而不是直观的运动。换句话说，无论两个人天生在记忆能力上的不同，这些不同取决于他们怎么去”编码“信息。最好的方法是怎么去刻意的练习。刻意的练习意味着不仅仅的重复一项工作。而是包括设定详细的目标，获得即刻反馈，专注于技巧作为输出结果。

伊里克森和他的同事们已经研究比较广泛的一些列专业表演者们的行为，包括足球运动员。他们尽可能的收集数据，不仅包括绩效统计数据和传记细节，也包括了他们实验室中高成绩的成果。他们的成果得出一个令人相当震惊的结论：我们通常称之为天才的特质往往高估了。或者，换个方式表达，专业表演者，无论在记忆方面还是外科手术，芭蕾舞又或是电脑编程，几乎是后天成就的而不是先天的。

During the past generation, the American middle-class family that once could count on hard work and fair play to keep itself financially secure has been transformed by economic risk and realities. Now a pink slip, a bad diagnosis, or a disappearing spouse can reduce a family from solidly middle class to newly poor in a few months.

In just one generation, millions of mothers have gone to work, transforming basic family economics. Scholars, policymakers, and critics of all stripes have debated the social implications of these changes, but few have looked at the side effect: family risk have risen as well. Today's families have budgeted to the limits of their new two-paycheck status. As a result, they have lost the parachute they once had in times of financial setback----a back-up earner( usually mom) who could go into the workforce if the primary earner got laid off or fell sick. This "added-worker effect" could support the safety net offered by unemployment insurance or disability insurance to help families weather bad times. But today, a disruption to family forturns can no longer be made up with extra income from an otherwise-stay-at-home partner.

During the same period, families have been asked to absorb much more risk in their retirement income. Steelworkers, airline employees, and now those in the auto industry are joining millions of families who must worry about interest rates, stock market fluctuation, and the harsh reality that they may outline their retirement money. For much of the past year, President Bush campaigned to move Social Security to a savings-account model, with retirees trading much or all of their guaranteed payments for payments depending on investment returns. For younger families, the picture is not any better. Both the absolute cost of healthcare and the share of it borne by families have risen----and newly fashionable health-savings plans are spreading from legislative halls to Wal-Mart workers, with much higher deductibles and a large new dose of investment risk for families' future healthcare. Even demographics are working against the middle class family, as the odds of having a weak elderly parent----and all the attendant need for physical and financial assistance----have jumped eightfold in just one generation.

From the middle-class family perspective, much of this , understandably, looks far less like an opportunity to exercise more financial responsibility, and a good deal more like a frightening acceleration of the wholesale shift of financial risk onto their already overburdened shoulders. The financial fallout has begun, and the pilitical fallout may not be far behind.

31. Today's double-income familier are at greater financial risk in that?

[A]. the safety net they used to enjoy has disappeared.

[B]. their chances of being laid off have greatly increased.

[C]. they are more vulnerable(容易受伤害的) to changes in family economics.

[D]. they are deprived of unemployment or disability insurance.

32. As a result of President Bush's reform, retired people may have ?

[A]. a higher sense of security.

[B]. less secured payments.

[C]. less chance to invest.

[D]. a guaranteed future.

33. According to the author, health-savings plans will ?

[A]. help reduce the cost of healthcare.

[B]. popularize among the middle class.

[C]. compensate for the reduced pensions.

[D]. increase the families' investment risk.

34. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that ?

[A]. financial risks tend to outweigh political risks.

[B]. the middle class may face greater political challenges.

[C]. financial problems may bring about political problems.

[D]. financial responsibility is an indicator of political status.

35. Which of the following is the best title for this text?

[A] The Middle Class on the Alert.(警惕中的中产阶级)

[B] The Middle Class on the Cliff.(岌岌可危的中产阶级)

[C] The Middle Class in Conflict.(冲突中的中产阶级)

[D] The Middle Class in Ruins.(废墟中的中产阶级)

在过去的一代人里，美国中产阶级家庭，曾经可以通过努力工作和公平竞争保持自己的财产安全，现状已经被经济危机和现实改变了。现在一个严重的摔倒，一个坏的诊断报告，或者离婚可以让一个中产阶级家庭在几个月内变成穷人阶级家庭。

在过去的一代人中，美国的中产阶级家庭曾经依靠辛勤工作和公平竞争来保证自身的经济安全，如今却被经济风险和现实所改变。现在，一张解雇通知书、一个糟糕的诊断，或者配偶的失踪，都可能在几个月内使一个家庭从稳固的中产阶级变成新的穷人。

在最近这一代人，成千上万的妈妈曾经去工作以改变基础家庭经济。学者，政策制定者，和各种各样的评论家曾讨论过这种改变的社会影响，但是很少人看到另一个面的影响：家庭危机也升高了。今天的家庭对新的双倍收入状态有预算限制。结果是，他们已经失去了曾经能够及时应对财产流失的保护伞，如果家里作为经济支柱的人失业了或者是生病了，作为保护伞可以在背后能够去做劳动力挣钱的人（通常是妈妈）。这个“额外劳动力的影响”可以支持安全网，由失业保险和失劳保险提供，在最坏的情况下帮助家庭成员。但是今天，一个家庭收入的中断不能够再由额外的收入组成，因为另一伴是个只待在家里的人。

仅仅在一代人的时间里，数百万的母亲去工作，改变了基本的家庭经济。学者、政策制定者和各类批评人士都在讨论这些变化的社会影响，但很少有人关注其副作用:家庭风险也增加了。今天的家庭已经根据他们新的双工资状态的限制进行了预算。结果，他们失去了在经济困难时期曾经拥有的保护伞----一个后备挣钱者(通常是妈妈)，如果主要挣钱者失业或生病，她可以去工作。这种“附加工人效应”可以支持失业保险或残疾保险提供的安全网，帮助家庭度过困难时期。但是今天，家庭财富的损失不能再由一个呆在家里的伴侣带来的额外收入来弥补。

在同一时期，家庭成员已经被要求在退休工资方面承担更多的风险。钢铁工人，航空员工，以及目前在自动化工厂的员工所在的家庭开始加入这些需要担心收益利率，通货膨胀和他们可能会列出退休金数目的困难现状。在过去一些年里，布什总统倡导一场将社会保险转移到一个借债模型，用退休人的大部分资金或者全部的保障金投资，收入取决于投资回报。对于那些年轻的家庭，这个蓝图是最好不过的了。健康医疗得的花销和收益差值由家庭承担，以及最新流行的健康保障计划从立法大厅传播到沃尔玛工人们，这个保障计划有着更高的免赔额，同时对家庭未来健康医疗也有着很大的新的投资风险。甚至人口统计资料正在跟中产阶级家庭对着干，正如有着老弱的父母的差别，所有的参与者需要身体上和财产上的帮助----在短短一代人的时间里增长了八倍。

在同一时期，家庭被要求在他们的退休收入中承担更多的风险。钢铁工人、航空公司员工，现在还有汽车行业的员工，都加入了数百万家庭的行列，他们必须担心利率、股市波动，以及他们可能会拿出退休金的严酷现实。在过去一年的大部分时间里，布什总统致力于将社会保险转向储蓄账户模式，让退休人员将他们的大部分或全部担保支付兑换成依赖于投资回报的支付。对于年轻的家庭来说，情况也好不到哪里去。医疗保健的绝对成本和家庭承担的份额都上升了----，而最新流行的医疗储蓄计划正从立法大厅蔓延到沃尔玛的员工，家庭未来的医疗保健有更高的免赔额和更大的投资风险。甚至连人口统计数据也对中产阶级家庭不利，因为在短短一代人的时间里，一个年迈的老人和伴随而来的身体和经济援助需求的几率增加了8倍。

从中产阶级家庭的立场上看，大多数像这样，可以理解为，长远来看像是个可以锻炼经济危机责任感和一个解决早已转移到他们肩负上的惊人速度的金融风险大规模的机会。金融衰退已经开始了，政治体制的衰退也许不远了。

可以理解的是，从中产阶级家庭的角度来看，这在很大程度上不像是一个行使更多经济责任的机会，而更像是金融风险大规模转移到他们本已不堪重负的肩上的可怕加速。金融方面的影响已经开始，政治方面的影响可能也不远了。

It never rains but it pours（倾注）（不鸣则已，一鸣惊人；祸不单行）. Just as bosses and boards have finally sorted out their worst accounting and compliance（遵守） troubles, and improved their feeble（微弱） corporation governance, a new problem threatens to earn them----especially in America----the sort of nasty（可恶的） headlines that inevitably（不可避免地） lead to heads rolling in the executive（高管）suite: data insecurity. Left, until now, to odd, low-level IT staff to put right, and seen as a concern（关注） only of data-rich（数据丰富） industries such as banking, telecoms（电信） and air travel, information protection is now high on the boss's agenda（议程） in businesses of every variety.

老天从不下雨但是会下冰雹，就像老板们和掌权者最终理清了他们的最糟糕的可算计的和令人烦恼的问题，和提高他们的高度荣融洽的合作，一个新的问题威胁着他们，特别是在美国，让人担心的可见的前沿顺序引诱头滚在可执行的地方：数据安全。至今还有剩余，对那些过时的，低水平的IT工程师放在右边，以及看起来让人担心的数据丰富的工厂如银行，电网和航空旅游，在各种行业中，信息保护是高于老板们的地位的。

不鸣则已，一鸣惊人。就在老板和董事会终于解决了他们最糟糕的会计和合规问题时，并改善了他们薄弱的公司治理之际，一个新的问题威胁着他们----特别是在美国----这类令人不快的头条新闻，不可避免地会让高管们头昏脑胀：数据不安全。到目前为止，信息保护还只被认为是银行、电信和航空旅行等数据丰富的行业所关注的问题，而现在，信息保护已成为各行各业老板的首要议程。到目前为止，都是由古怪的、低级别的IT员工来纠正，信息保护被视为仅在数据丰富的行业(如银行、电信和航空旅行)才会关注的问题，如今在各行各业的老板们的议事日程上都占据了重要位置。

Several massive leakages of customer and employee data this year----from organization as diverse（各种各样的） as Time Warner, the American defense contractor Science Applications International Corp and even the University of California, Berkeley----have left managers hurriedly peering into their intricate（错综复杂的） IT systems and business processes（业务流程） in search of protential vulnerabilities（漏洞）.

今年有几个客户和员工数据高危漏洞----来自时间警告局的提醒，时间警告局是美国防护建造者科学应用国际局和甚至是加利福尼亚伯克利大学----已经让管理者很着急的登录他们的IT信息系统和交易进程以查找潜在的威胁。

今年发生了几起大规模的客户和员工数据泄露事件----包括时代华纳、美国国防承包商科学应用国际公司在内的各种组织甚至加州大学伯克利分校等不同组织----使得管理人员匆忙地查看他们错综复杂的IT系统和业务流程，以寻找潜在的漏洞。

"Data is becoming anasset which needs to be guarded as much as any other asset," says Haim Mendelson of Stanford University's business school. "The ability to guard customer data is the key to market value, which the board（董事会） is responsible for on behalf(代表) of shareholders". Indeed, just as there is the concept of Generally（公认） Accepted Accounting Principles(GAAP), perhaps it is time for GASP, Generally Accepted Security Pratices, suggested Eli Noam of New York's Columbia Business School. "Setting the proper investment level for security, redundancy（冗余）, and recovery（恢复） is a management issue, not a technical one, " he says.

“数据正在成为一种和其他资产一样应该被监护起来的资产”，来自美国斯坦福大学商学院的翰墨曼德森说道。“监护用户数据是掌控市场的关键，掌权者要为股份持有者负责”。事实上，就像大体可接受会计原则（GAAP）一样，也许是时候成立GASP了，大体可接受安全演练，来自纽约哥伦比亚商学院的Eli Noam提议。“设置合理投资安全等级，机制和可现制是一个管理问题，并不是一个技术问题”，他说道。

斯坦福大学商学院的海姆•门德尔松(Haim Mendelson)表示，“数据正在成为一种资产，需要像其他资产一样加以保护”。“保护客户数据的能力是市场价值的关键，而这是董事会代表股东负责的。” 事实上，就像存在公认会计原则(GAAP)的概念一样，也许现在是GASP(公认安全实践)的时候了，纽约哥伦比亚商学院的伊莱·诺姆建议道。他表示:“为安全、冗余和恢复设定适当的投资水平是一个管理问题，而不是技术问题。”

The mystery is that this should come as a surprise to any boss. Surely it should be obvious to the dimmest executive that trust, that most valuable of ecomonic assets, is easily destroyed and hugely expensive to restore----and that few things are more likely to destroy trust than a company letting sensitive personal data get into the wrong hands.

答案是这应该对于任何一位老板来说是个惊喜。当然它应该是显眼的，对于那些非实体的东西比如信任，最具有价值的经济资产，是很容易被摧毁的和使用最贵的费用去存储的----几样事情如个人隐私数据落入他手，很可能会摧毁一个公司的信誉而不是摧毁一个公司。

令人费解的是，这对任何老板来说都应该是一个惊喜。当然，对于最迟钝的管理者来说，最宝贵的经济资产——信任，这是最有价值的经济资产，很容易被摧毁，修复起来代价高昂----没有什么比一家公司让敏感的个人数据落入不法之手更有可能破坏信任的了。

The current state of affairs may have been encouraged----though not justified----by the lack of legal penalty(in America, but not Europe) for leakage. Until California recently passed a law, American firms did not have to tell anyone, even the victim, when data went astray. That may change fast: lots of proposed（建议的） data-security legislation is now doing the rounds in Washington, D.C. Meanwhile, the theft of information about some 40 million credit-card accounts in America, disclosed（披露） on June 17th, overshadowed（黯然失色） a hugely important decision a day earlier by America's Federal Trade Commission(FTC) that puts corporate America on notice that regulators（监管机构） will act if firms fail to provide adequate（足够的） data security.

事件的当前状态也许已经被鼓励，尽管不公正----缺少合法的漏洞检测。直到加利佛尼亚最近批准的一条法律，当数据被盗取时，美国的公司不用告诉任何人，甚至是公司高管。那样可能改变很快：华盛顿的很多数据安全相关的立法正在补修。与此同时，被盗取的将近4000万条的信用卡账户在5月17号被关闭，在背后一个超级大的至关重要的决定正在早些天前被美国信息交易协会注意到规则将会启动如果公司没法提供合适的数据安全。

由于(美国，而非欧洲)对泄漏没有法律惩罚，目前的事态可能受到了鼓励——尽管这并不合理。直到加州最近通过了一项法律，当数据丢失时，美国公司不必告诉任何人，甚至包括受害者。这种情况可能很快就会改变:大量的数据安全立法提案目前正在华盛顿特区广为传阅。与此同时，6月17日披露的美国约4000万信用卡账户信息被盗事件，美国联邦贸易委员会(FTC)前一天做出的一项非常重要的决定，让美国企业界注意到，如果公司不能提供足够的数据安全，监管机构将采取行动。

36. The statement "It never rains but it pours" is used to introduce ?

[A]. the fierce business competition.

[B]. the feeble boss-board relations.

[C]. the threat from news report.

[D]. the security of data leakage.

37. According to Paragraph 2, some organizations check their systems to find out ?

[A] whether there is any weak point.

[B] what sort of data has been stolen.

[C] who is responsible for the leakage.

[D] how the potential spies can be located.

38. In bringing up the concept of GASP the author is making the point that ?

[A]. shareholders' interests should be properly attended to.